Once/rb again/rb ,/, as/cs in/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl ,/, America/np faces/vbz a/at stern/jj test/nn ./.
That/dt test/nn ,/, as/cs President/nn-tl Kennedy/np forthrightly/rb depicted/vbd it/ppo in/in his/pp$ State/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Union/nn-tl message/nn ,/, will/md determine/vb ``/`` whether/cs a/at nation/nn organized/vbn and/cc governed/vbn such/jj as/cs ours/pp$$ can/md endure/vb ''/'' ./.


	It/pps is/bez well/jj then/rb that/cs in/in this/dt hour/nn both/abx of/in ``/`` national/jj peril/nn ''/'' and/cc of/in ``/`` national/jj opportunity/nn ''/'' we/ppss can/md take/vb counsel/nn with/in the/at men/nns who/wps made/vbd the/at nation/nn ./.
Incapable/jj of/in self-delusion/nn ,/, the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl found/vbd the/at crisis/nn of/in their/pp$ time/nn to/to be/be equally/ql grave/jj ,/, and/cc yet/rb they/ppss had/hvd confidence/nn that/cs America/np would/md surmount/vb it/ppo and/cc that/cs a/at republic/nn of/in free/jj peoples/nns would/md prosper/vb and/cc serve/vb as/cs an/at example/nn to/in a/at world/nn aching/vbg for/in liberty/nn ./.


	Seven/cd Founders/nns-tl --/-- George/np Washington/np ,/, Benjamin/np Franklin/np ,/, John/np Adams/np ,/, Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, Alexander/np Hamilton/np ,/, James/np Madison/np and/cc John/np Jay/np --/-- determined/vbd the/at destinies/nns of/in the/at new/jj nation/nn ./.
In/in certain/jj respects/nns ,/, their/pp$ task/nn was/bedz incomparably/ql greater/jjr than/cs ours/pp$$ today/nr ,/, for/cs there/ex was/bedz nobody/pn before/in them/ppo to/to show/vb them/ppo the/at way/nn ./.
As/cs Madison/np commented/vbd to/in Jefferson/np in/in 1789/cd ,/, ``/`` We/ppss are/ber in/in a/at wilderness/nn without/in a/at single/ap footstep/nn to/to guide/vb us/ppo ./.
Our/pp$ successors/nns will/md have/hv an/at easier/jjr task/nn ''/'' ./.


	They/ppss thought/vbd of/in themselves/ppls ,/, to/to use/vb Jefferson's/np$ words/nns ,/, as/cs ``/`` the/at Argonauts/nps ''/'' who/wps had/hvd lived/vbn in/in ``/`` the/at Heroic/jj-tl Age/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Accordingly/rb ,/, they/ppss took/vbd special/jj pains/nns to/to preserve/vb their/pp$ papers/nns as/cs essential/jj sources/nns for/in posterity/nn ./.
Their/pp$ writings/nns assume/vb more/ap than/in dramatic/jj or/cc patriotic/jj interest/nn because/rb of/in their/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs the/at struggle/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed involved/vbn was/bedz neither/cc selfish/jj nor/cc parochial/jj but/cc ,/, rather/rb ,/, as/cs Washington/np in/in his/pp$ last/ap wartime/nn circular/nn reminded/vbd his/pp$ fellow/nn countrymen/nns ,/, that/cs ``/`` with/in our/pp$ fate/nn will/md the/at destiny/nn of/in unborn/jj millions/nns be/be involved/vbn ''/'' ./.


	Strong/jj men/nns with/in strong/jj opinions/nns ,/, frank/jj to/in the/at point/nn of/in being/beg refreshingly/ql indiscreet/jj ,/, the/at Founding/vbg-tl Seven/cd-tl were/bed essentially/rb congenial/jj minds/nns ,/, and/cc their/pp$ agreements/nns with/in each/dt other/ap were/bed more/ql consequential/jj than/cs their/pp$ differences/nns ./.
Even/rb though/cs in/in most/ap cases/nns the/at completion/nn of/in the/at definitive/jj editions/nns of/in their/pp$ writings/nns is/bez still/rb years/nns off/rp ,/, enough/ap documentation/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben assembled/vbn to/to warrant/vb drawing/vbg a/at new/jj composite/jj profile/nn of/in the/at leadership/nn which/wdt performed/vbd the/at heroic/jj dual/jj feats/nns of/in winning/vbg American/jj independence/nn and/cc founding/vbg a/at new/jj nation/nn ./.


	Before/cs merging/vbg them/ppo into/in a/at common/jj profile/nn it/pps is/bez well/rb to/to remember/vb that/cs their/pp$ separate/jj careers/nns were/bed extraordinary/jj ./.
Certainly/rb no/at other/ap seven/cd American/jj statesmen/nns from/in any/dti later/jjr period/nn achieved/vbd so/ql much/ap in/in so/ql concentrated/vbn a/at span/nn of/in years/nns ./.


	Eldest/jjt of/in the/at seven/cd ,/, Benjamin/np Franklin/np ,/, a/at New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl transplanted/vbn to/in Philadelphia/np ,/, wrote/vbd the/at most/ql dazzling/vbg success/nn story/nn in/in our/pp$ history/nn ./.
The/at young/jj printer's/nn$ apprentice/nn achieved/vbd greatness/nn in/in a/at half-dozen/nn different/jj fields/nns ,/, as/cs editor/nn and/cc publisher/nn ,/, scientist/nn ,/, inventor/nn ,/, philanthropist/nn and/cc statesman/nn ./.
Author/nn of/in the/at Albany/np-tl Plan/nn-tl Of/in-tl Union/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt ,/, had/hvd it/pps been/ben adopted/vbn ,/, might/md have/hv avoided/vbn the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, he/pps fought/vbd the/at colonists'/nns$ front-line/nn battles/nns in/in London/np ,/, negotiated/vbd the/at treaty/nn of/in alliance/nn with/in France/np and/cc the/at peace/nn that/wps ended/vbd the/at war/nn ,/, headed/vbd the/at state/nn government/nn of/in Pennsylvania/np ,/, and/cc exercised/vbd an/at important/jj moderating/vbg influence/nn at/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Convention/nn-tl ./.




On/in a/at military/jj mission/nn for/in his/pp$ native/jj Virginia/np the/at youthful/jj George/np Washington/np touched/vbd off/rp the/at French/jj-tl and/cc-tl Indian/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, then/rb guarded/vbd his/pp$ colony's/nn$ frontier/nn as/cs head/nn of/in its/pp$ militia/nn ./.
Commanding/vbg the/at Continental/jj-tl Army/nn-tl for/in six/cd long/jj years/nns of/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at indispensable/jj factor/nn in/in the/at ultimate/jj victory/nn ./.
Retiring/vbg to/in his/pp$ beloved/jj Mount/nn-tl Vernon/np-tl ,/, he/pps returned/vbd to/to preside/vb over/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Convention/nn-tl ,/, and/cc was/bedz the/at only/ap man/nn in/in history/nn to/to be/be unanimously/rb elected/vbn President/nn-tl ./.
During/in his/pp$ two/cd terms/nns the/at Constitution/nn-tl was/bedz tested/vbn and/cc found/vbn workable/jj ,/, strong/jj national/jj policies/nns were/bed inaugurated/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at traditions/nns and/cc powers/nns of/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl office/nn firmly/rb fixed/vbn ./.


	John/np Adams/np fashioned/vbd much/ap of/in pre-Revolutionary/jj radical/jj ideology/nn ,/, wrote/vbd the/at constitution/nn of/in his/pp$ home/nn state/nn of/in Massachusetts/np ,/, negotiated/vbd ,/, with/in Franklin/np and/cc Jay/np ,/, the/at peace/nn with/in Britain/np and/cc served/vbd as/cs our/pp$ first/od Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl and/cc our/pp$ second/od President/nn-tl ./.




His/pp$ political/jj opponent/nn and/cc lifetime/nn friend/nn ,/, Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, achieved/vbd immortality/nn through/in his/pp$ authorship/nn of/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, but/cc equally/ql notable/jj were/bed the/at legal/jj and/cc constitutional/jj reforms/nns he/pps instituted/vbd in/in his/pp$ native/jj Virginia/np ,/, his/pp$ role/nn as/cs father/nn of/in our/pp$ territorial/jj system/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ acquisition/nn of/in the/at Louisiana/np-tl Territory/nn-tl during/in his/pp$ first/od term/nn as/cs President/nn-tl ./.


	During/in the/at greater/jjr part/nn of/in Jefferson's/np$ career/nn he/pps enjoyed/vbd the/at close/jj collaboration/nn of/in a/at fellow/nn Virginian/np ,/, James/np Madison/np ,/, eight/cd years/nns his/pp$ junior/jj ./.
The/at active/jj sponsor/nn of/in Jefferson's/np$ measure/nn for/in religious/jj liberty/nn in/in Virginia/np ,/, Madison/np played/vbd the/at most/ql influential/jj single/ap role/nn in/in the/at drafting/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl and/cc in/in securing/vbg its/pp$ ratification/nn in/in Virginia/np ,/, founded/vbd the/at first/od political/jj party/nn in/in American/jj history/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs Jefferson's/np$ Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl and/cc his/pp$ successor/nn in/in the/at Presidency/nn-tl ,/, guided/vbd the/at nation/nn through/in the/at troubled/vbn years/nns of/in our/pp$ second/od war/nn with/in Britain/np ./.


	If/cs Franklin/np was/bedz an/at authentic/jj genius/nn ,/, then/jj Alexander/np Hamilton/np ,/, with/in his/pp$ exceptional/jj precocity/nn ,/, consuming/vbg energy/nn ,/, and/cc high/jj ambition/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at political/jj prodigy/nn ./.
His/pp$ revolutionary/jj pamphlets/nns ,/, published/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz only/rb 19/cd ,/, quickly/rb brought/vbd him/ppo to/in the/at attention/nn of/in the/at patriot/nn leaders/nns ./.
Principal/nn author/nn of/in ``/`` The/at-tl Federalist/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps swung/vbd New/jj-tl York/np-tl over/rp from/in opposition/nn to/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl to/in ratification/nn almost/ql single-handedly/rb ./.
His/pp$ collaboration/nn with/in Washington/np ,/, begun/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz the/at general's/nn$ aide/nn during/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz resumed/vbn when/wrb he/pps entered/vbd the/at first/od Cabinet/nn-tl as/cs Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ./.
His/pp$ bold/jj fiscal/jj program/nn and/cc his/pp$ broad/jj interpretation/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl stand/vb as/cs durable/jj contributions/nns ./.




Less/ql dazzling/vbg than/cs Hamilton/np ,/, less/ql eloquent/jj than/cs Jefferson/np ,/, John/np Jay/np commands/vbz an/at equally/ql high/jj rank/nn among/in the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl ./.
He/pps served/vbd as/cs president/nn of/in the/at Continental/jj-tl Congress/np-tl ./.
He/pps played/vbd the/at leading/vbg role/nn in/in negotiating/vbg the/at treaty/nn with/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl that/wps ended/vbd the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, and/cc directed/vbd America's/np$ foreign/jj affairs/nns throughout/in the/at Confederation/nn-tl period/nn ./.
As/cs first/od Chief/jjs-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, his/pp$ strong/jj nationalist/jj opinions/nns anticipated/vbd John/np Marshall/np ./.
He/pps ended/vbd his/pp$ public/jj career/nn as/cs a/at two-term/jj governor/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./.


	These/dts Seven/cd-tl Founders/nns-tl constituted/vbd an/at intellectual/jj and/cc social/jj elite/nn ,/, the/at most/ql respectable/jj and/cc disinterested/jj leadership/nn any/dti revolution/nn ever/rb confessed/vbd ./.
Their/pp$ social/jj status/nn was/bedz achieved/vbn in/in some/dti cases/nns by/in birth/nn ,/, as/cs with/in Washington/np ,/, Jefferson/np and/cc Jay/np ;/. ;/.
in/in others/nns by/in business/nn and/cc professional/jj acumen/nn ,/, as/cs with/in Franklin/np and/cc Adams/np ,/, or/cc ,/, in/in Hamilton's/np$ case/nn ,/, by/in an/at influential/jj marriage/nn ./.
Unlike/in so/ql many/ap of/in the/at power-starved/jj intellectuals/nns in/in underdeveloped/jj nations/nns of/in our/pp$ own/jj day/nn ,/, they/ppss commanded/vbd both/abx prestige/nn and/cc influence/nn before/cs the/at Revolution/nn-tl started/vbd ./.


	As/ql different/jj physically/rb as/cs the/at tall/jj ,/, angular/jj Jefferson/np was/bedz from/in the/at chubby/jj ,/, rotund/jj Adams/np ,/, the/at seven/cd were/bed striking/jj individualists/nns ./.
Ardent/jj ,/, opinionated/jj ,/, even/rb obstinate/jj ,/, they/ppss were/bed amazingly/ql articulate/jj ,/, wrote/vbd their/pp$ own/jj copy/nn ,/, and/cc were/bed masters/nns of/in phrasemaking/nn ./.




Capable/jj of/in enduring/vbg friendships/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed also/rb stout/jj controversialists/nns ,/, who/wps could/md write/vb with/in a/at drop/nn of/in vitriol/nn on/in their/pp$ pens/nns ./.
John/np Adams/np dismissed/vbd John/np Dickinson/np ,/, who/wps voted/vbd against/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, as/cs ``/`` a/at certain/jj great/jj fortune/nn and/cc piddling/vbg genius/nn ''/'' ./.
Washington/np castigated/vbd his/pp$ critic/nn ,/, General/nn-tl Conway/np ,/, as/cs being/beg capable/jj of/in ``/`` all/abn the/at meanness/nn of/in intrigue/nn to/to gratify/vb the/at absurd/jj resentment/nn of/in disappointed/vbn vanity/nn ''/'' ./.
And/cc Hamilton/np ,/, who/wps felt/vbd it/ppo ``/`` a/at religious/jj duty/nn ''/'' to/to oppose/vb Aaron/np Burr's/np$ political/jj ambitions/nns ,/, would/md have/hv been/ben a/at better/jjr actuarial/jj risk/nn had/hvd he/pps shown/vbn more/ap literary/jj restraint/nn ./.


	The/at Seven/cd-tl Founders/nns-tl were/bed completely/rb dedicated/vbn to/in the/at public/jj service/nn ./.
Madison/np once/rb remarked/vbd :/: ``/`` My/pp$ life/nn has/hvz been/ben so/ql much/ap a/at public/jj one/cd ''/'' ,/, a/at comment/nn which/wdt fits/vbz the/at careers/nns of/in the/at other/ap six/cd ./.
Franklin/np retired/vbd from/in editing/vbg and/cc publishing/vbg at/in the/at age/nn of/in 42/cd ,/, and/cc for/in the/at next/ap forty-two/cd years/nns devoted/vbd himself/ppl to/in public/jj ,/, scientific/jj ,/, and/cc philanthropic/jj interests/nns ./.
Washington/np never/rb had/hvd a/at chance/nn to/to work/vb for/in an/at extended/vbn stretch/nn at/in the/at occupation/nn he/pps loved/vbd best/rbt ,/, plantation/nn management/nn ./.
He/pps served/vbd as/cs Commander/nn-tl in/in-tl Chief/nn-tl during/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl without/in compensation/nn ./.




John/np Adams/np took/vbd to/in heart/nn the/at advice/nn given/vbn him/ppo by/in his/pp$ legal/jj mentor/nn ,/, Jeremiah/np Gridley/np ,/, to/to ``/`` pursue/vb the/at study/nn of/in the/at law/nn ,/, rather/in than/in the/at gain/nn of/in it/ppo ''/'' ./.
In/in taking/vbg account/nn of/in seventeen/cd years/nns of/in law/nn practice/nn ,/, Adams/np concluded/vbd that/cs ``/`` no/at lawyer/nn in/in America/np ever/rb did/dod so/ql much/ap business/nn as/cs I/ppss did/dod ''/'' and/cc ``/`` for/in so/ql little/ap profit/nn ''/'' ./.
When/wrb the/at Revolution/nn-tl broke/vbd out/rp ,/, he/pps ,/, along/rb with/in Jefferson/np and/cc Jay/np ,/, abandoned/vbd his/pp$ career/nn at/in the/at bar/nn ,/, with/in considerable/jj financial/jj sacrifice/nn ./.


	Hamilton/np ,/, poorest/jjt of/in the/at seven/cd ,/, gave/vbd up/rp a/at brilliant/jj law/nn practice/nn to/to enter/vb Washington's/np$ Cabinet/nn-tl ./.
While/cs he/pps was/bedz handling/vbg the/at multi-million-dollar/jj funding/vbg operations/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl he/pps had/hvd to/to resort/vb to/in borrowing/vbg small/jj sums/nns from/in friends/nns ./.
``/`` If/cs you/ppss can/md conveniently/rb let/vb me/ppo have/hv twenty/cd dollars/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd one/cd friend/nn in/in 1791/cd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ./.


	To/to support/vb his/pp$ large/jj family/nn Hamilton/np went/vbd back/rb to/in the/at law/nn after/in each/dt spell/nn of/in public/jj service/nn ./.
Talleyrand/np passed/vbd his/pp$ New/jj-tl York/np-tl law/nn office/nn one/cd night/nn on/in the/at way/nn to/in a/at party/nn ./.
Hamilton/np was/bedz bent/vbn over/in his/pp$ desk/nn ,/, drafting/vbg a/at legal/jj paper/nn by/in the/at light/nn of/in a/at candle/nn ./.
The/at Frenchman/np was/bedz astonished/vbn ./.
``/`` I/ppss have/hv just/rb come/vbn from/in viewing/vbg a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd made/vbn the/at fortune/nn of/in his/pp$ country/nn ,/, but/cc now/rb is/bez working/vbg all/abn night/nn in/in order/nn to/to support/vb his/pp$ family/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps reflected/vbd ./.




All/abn seven/cd combined/vbd ardent/jj devotion/nn to/in the/at cause/nn of/in revolution/nn with/in a/at profound/jj respect/nn for/in legality/nn ./.
John/np Adams/np asserted/vbd in/in the/at Continental/jj-tl Congress'/nn$-tl Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl that/cs the/at demands/nns of/in the/at colonies/nns were/bed in/in accordance/nn with/in their/pp$ charters/nns ,/, the/at British/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl and/cc the/at common/jj law/nn ,/, and/cc Jefferson/np appealed/vbd in/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in Independence/nn-tl ``/`` to/in the/at tribunal/nn of/in the/at world/nn ''/'' for/in support/nn of/in a/at revolution/nn justified/vbn by/in ``/`` the/at laws/nns of/in nature/nn and/cc of/in nature's/nn$ God/np ''/'' ./.


	They/ppss fought/vbd hard/rb ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed forgiving/vbg to/in former/ap foes/nns ,/, and/cc sought/vbd to/to prevent/vb vindictive/jj legislatures/nns from/in confiscating/vbg Tory/np property/nn in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Treaty/nn-tl of/in 1783/cd ./.


	This/dt sense/nn of/in moderation/nn and/cc fairness/nn is/bez superbly/rb exemplified/vbn in/in an/at exchange/nn of/in letters/nns between/in John/np Jay/np and/cc a/at Tory/np refugee/nn ,/, Peter/np Van/np Schaack/np ./.
Jay/np had/hvd participated/vbn in/in the/at decision/nn that/wps exiled/vbd his/pp$ old/jj friend/nn Van/np Schaack/np ./.
Yet/cc when/wrb ,/, at/in war's/nn$ end/nn ,/, the/at ex-Tory/np made/vbd the/at first/od move/nn to/to resume/vb correspondence/nn ,/, Jay/np wrote/vbd him/ppo from/in Paris/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz negotiating/vbg the/at peace/nn settlement/nn :/: 

	``/`` As/cs an/at independent/jj American/np I/ppss considered/vbd all/abn who/wps were/bed not/* for/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc you/ppo amongst/in the/at rest/nn ,/, as/cs against/in us/ppo ,/, yet/cc be/be assured/vbn that/cs John/np Jay/np never/rb ceased/vbd to/to be/be the/at friend/nn of/in Peter/np Van/np Schaack/np ''/'' ./.


	The/at latter/ap in/in turn/nn assured/vbd him/ppo that/cs ``/`` were/bed I/ppss arraigned/vbd at/in the/at bar/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss my/pp$ judge/nn ,/, I/ppss should/md expect/vb to/to stand/vb or/cc fall/vb only/rb by/in the/at merits/nns of/in my/pp$ cause/nn ''/'' ./.


	All/abn seven/cd recognized/vbd that/cs independence/nn was/bedz but/rb the/at first/od step/nn toward/in building/vbg a/at nation/nn ./.
``/`` We/ppss have/hv now/rb a/at national/jj character/nn to/to establish/vb ''/'' ,/, Washington/np wrote/vbd in/in 1783/cd ./.
``/`` Think/vb continentally/rb ''/'' ,/, Hamilton/np counseled/vbd the/at young/jj nation/nn ./.
This/dt new/jj force/nn ,/, love/nn of/in country/nn ,/, super-imposed/vbn upon/in --/-- if/cs not/* displacing/vbg --/-- affectionate/jj ties/nns to/in one's/pn$ own/jj state/nn ,/, was/bedz epitomized/vbn by/in Washington/np ./.
His/pp$ first/od inaugural/jj address/nn speaks/vbz of/in ``/`` my/pp$ country/nn whose/wp$ voice/nn I/ppss can/md never/rb hear/vb but/in with/in veneration/nn and/cc love/nn ''/'' ./.


	All/abn sought/vbd the/at fruition/nn of/in that/dt nationalism/nn in/in a/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl with/in substantial/jj powers/nns ./.
Save/in Jefferson/np ,/, all/abn participated/vbd in/in the/at framing/nn or/cc ratification/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl ./.
They/ppss supported/vbd it/ppo ,/, not/* as/cs a/at perfect/jj instrument/nn ,/, but/cc as/cs the/at best/jjt obtainable/jj ./.
Historians/nns have/hv traditionally/rb regarded/vbn the/at great/jj debates/nns of/in the/at Seventeen/cd-tl Nineties/nns-tl as/cs polarizing/vbg the/at issues/nns of/in centralized/vbn vs./in limited/vbn government/nn ,/, with/in Hamilton/np and/cc the/at nationalists/nns supporting/vbg the/at former/ap and/cc Jefferson/np and/cc Madison/np upholding/vbg the/at latter/ap position/nn ./.




The/at state's/nn$ rights/nns position/nn was/bedz formulated/vbn by/in Jefferson/np and/cc Madison/np in/in the/at Kentucky/np and/cc Virginia/np-tl Resolves/vbz-tl ,/, but/cc in/in their/pp$ later/jjr careers/nns as/cs heads/nns of/in state/nn the/at two/cd proved/vbd themselves/ppls better/jjr Hamiltonians/nps than/cs Jeffersonians/nps ./.
In/in purchasing/vbg Louisiana/np ,/, Jefferson/np had/hvd to/to adopt/vb Hamilton's/np$ broad/jj construction/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ,/, and/cc so/rb did/dod Madison/np in/in advocating/vbg the/at rechartering/nn of/in Hamilton's/np$ bank/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps had/hvd so/ql strenuously/rb opposed/vbn at/in its/pp$ inception/nn ,/, and/cc in/in adopting/vbg a/at Hamiltonian/jj protective/jj tariff/nn ./.
Indeed/rb ,/, the/at old/jj Jeffersonians/nps were/bed far/ql more/ql atune/jj to/in the/at Hamilton-oriented/jj Whigs/nps than/cs they/ppss were/bed to/in the/at Jacksonian/jj Democrats/nps ./.




When/wrb ,/, in/in 1832/cd ,/, the/at South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl nullifiers/nns adopted/vbd the/at principle/nn of/in state/nn interposition/nn which/wdt Madison/np had/hvd advanced/vbn in/in his/pp$ old/jj Virginia/np-tl Resolve/nn-tl ,/, they/ppss elicited/vbd no/at encouragement/nn from/in that/dt senior/jj statesman/nn ./.
In/in his/pp$ political/jj testament/nn ,/, ``/`` Advice/nn-tl To/in-tl My/pp$-tl Country/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, penned/vbn just/ql before/in his/pp$ death/nn ,/, Madison/np expressed/vbd the/at wish/nn ``/`` that/cs the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl States/nns-tl be/be cherished/vbn and/cc perpetuated/vbn ./.
Let/vb the/at open/jj enemy/nn to/in it/ppo be/be regarded/vbn as/cs a/at Pandora/np with/in her/pp$ box/nn opened/vbn ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at disguised/vbn one/cd ,/, as/cs the/at serpent/nn creeping/vbg with/in his/pp$ deadly/jj wiles/nns into/in Paradise/nn-tl ''/'' ./.