cj67

	Anglo-Saxon/jj and/cc Greek/jj epic/nn each/dt provide/vb on/in two/cd occasions/nns a/at seemingly/rb authentic/jj account/nn of/in the/at narration/nn of/in verse/nn in/in the/at heroic/jj age/nn ./.
Hrothgar's/np$ court/nn bard/nn sings/vbz of/in the/at encounters/nns at/in Finnsburg/np (/( lines/nns 1068/cd -/in 1159/cd )/) ,/, and/cc improvises/vbz the/at tale/nn of/in Beowulf's/np$ exploits/nns in/in a/at complimentary/jj comparison/nn of/in the/at Geatish/jj visitor/nn with/in Sigemund/np (/( lines/nns 871/cd -/in 892/cd )/) ;/. ;/.
Alcinous'/np$ court/nn bard/nn sings/vbz of/in the/at discovered/vbn adultery/nn of/in Ares/np and/cc Aphrodite/np (/( Odyssey/np 8/cd 266-366/cd )/) ,/, and/cc takes/vbz up/rp a/at tale/nn of/in Odysseus/np while/cs the/at Ithacan/jj wanderer/nn listens/vbz on/rp (/( Odyssey/np 8/cd 499-520/cd )/) ./.
Nothing/pn in/in all/abn this/dt is/bez autobiographical/jj :/: unlike/in the/at poets/nns of/in Deor/np-tl and/cc Widsith/np-tl ,/, the/at poet/nn of/in Beowulf/np-tl is/bez not/* concerned/vbn with/in his/pp$ own/jj identity/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at poet/nn of/in The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl ,/, reputed/vbn blind/jj ,/, reveals/vbz himself/ppl not/* at/in all/abn in/in singing/vbg of/in the/at blind/jj minstrel/nn Demodocus/np ./.
Since/cs none/pn of/in these/dts glimpses/nns of/in poetizing/vbg without/in writing/vbg is/bez intended/vbn to/to incorporate/vb a/at signature/nn into/in the/at epic/nn matter/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez prima-facie/jj evidence/nn that/cs Beowulf/np and/cc the/at Homeric/jj poems/nns each/dt derive/vb from/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn ./.
That/cs such/abl a/at tradition/nn lies/vbz behind/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, is/bez hard/jj to/to deny/vb ./.
Milman/np Parry/np rigorously/rb defended/vbd the/at observation/nn that/cs the/at extant/jj Homeric/jj poems/nns are/ber largely/rb formulaic/jj ,/, and/cc was/bedz led/vbn to/to postulate/vb that/cs they/ppss could/md be/be shown/vbn entirely/rb formulaic/jj if/cs the/at complete/jj corpus/nn of/in Greek/jj epic/nn survived/vbd ;/. ;/.
he/pps further/rbr reasoned/vbd that/cs frequent/jj formulas/nns in/in epic/nn verse/nn indicate/vb oral/jj composition/nn ,/, and/cc assumed/vbd the/at slightly/ql less/ql likely/jj corollary/nn that/cs oral/jj epic/nn is/bez inclined/vbn towards/in the/at use/nn of/in formulas/nns ./.
Proceeding/vbg from/in Parry's/np$ conclusions/nns and/cc adopting/vbg one/cd of/in his/pp$ schemata/nns ,/, Francis/np P./np Magoun/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, argues/vbz that/cs Beowulf/np-tl likewise/rb was/bedz created/vbn from/in a/at legacy/nn of/in oral/jj formulas/nns inherited/vbn and/cc extended/vbn by/in bards/nns of/in successive/jj generations/nns ,/, and/cc the/at thesis/nn is/bez striking/jj and/cc compelling/jj ./.
Yet/cc a/at fresh/jj inspection/nn will/md indicate/vb one/cd crucial/jj amendment/nn :/: Beowulf/np-tl and/cc the/at Homeric/jj poems/nns are/ber not/* at/in all/abn formulaic/jj to/in the/at same/ap extent/nn ./.


	The/at bondage/nn endurable/jj by/in an/at oral/jj poet/nn is/bez to/to be/be estimated/vbn only/rb by/in a/at very/ql skilful/jj oral/jj poet/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps appears/vbz safe/jj to/to assume/vb that/cs no/at sustained/vbn narrative/nn in/in rhyme/nn could/md be/be composed/vbn without/in extreme/jj difficulty/nn ,/, even/rb in/in a/at language/nn of/in many/ap terminal/jj inflections/nns ./.
Assonance/nn seems/vbz nearly/rb as/ql severe/jj a/at curb/nn ,/, although/cs in/in a/at celebrated/vbn passage/nn William/np of/in-tl Malmesbury/np declares/vbz that/cs A/at-tl Song/nn-tl Of/in-tl Roland/np-tl was/bedz intoned/vbd before/cs the/at battle/nn commenced/vbd at/in Hastings/np ./.
The/at Anglo-Saxon/jj alliterative/jj line/nn and/cc the/at Homeric/jj hexameter/nn probably/rb imposed/vbd less/ap of/in a/at restraint/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at verse/nn of/in Beowulf/np-tl or/cc of/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl was/bedz not/* easy/jj to/to create/vb but/cc was/bedz not/* impossible/jj for/in poets/nns who/wps had/hvd developed/vbn their/pp$ talents/nns perforce/rb in/in earning/vbg a/at livelihood/nn ./.
Yet/cc certain/ap aids/nns were/bed valuable/jj and/cc quite/ql credibly/rb necessary/jj for/in reciting/vbg long/jj stretches/nns of/in verse/nn without/in a/at pause/nn ./.
The/at poet/nn in/in a/at written/vbn tradition/nn who/wps generally/rb never/rb blots/vbz a/at line/nn may/md once/rb in/in a/at while/nn pause/vb and/cc polish/vb without/in incurring/vbg blame/nn ./.
But/cc the/at oral/jj poet/nn cannot/md* pause/vb ;/. ;/.
he/pps must/md improvise/vb continuously/rb with/in no/at apparent/jj effort/nn ./.
Even/rb though/cs the/at bondage/nn of/in his/pp$ verse/nn is/bez not/* so/ql great/jj as/cs the/at writing/vbg poet/nn can/md manage/vb ,/, it/pps is/bez still/rb great/jj enough/qlp for/cs him/ppo often/rb to/to be/be seriously/rb impeded/vbn unless/cs he/pps has/hvz aids/nns to/to facilitate/vb rapid/jj composition/nn ./.
The/at Germanic/jj poet/nn had/hvd such/jj aids/nns in/in the/at kennings/nns ,/, which/wdt provided/vbd for/in the/at difficulties/nns of/in alliteration/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at Homeric/jj poet/nn had/hvd epithets/nns ,/, which/wdt provided/vbd for/in recurring/vbg needs/nns in/in the/at hexameter/nn ./.
Either/dtx poet/nn could/md quickly/rb and/cc easily/rb select/vb words/nns or/cc phrases/nns to/to supply/vb his/pp$ immediate/jj requirements/nns as/cs he/pps chanted/vbd out/rp his/pp$ lines/nns ,/, because/cs the/at kennings/nns and/cc the/at epithets/nns made/vbd possible/jj the/at construction/nn of/in systems/nns of/in numerous/jj synonyms/nns for/in the/at chief/jjs common/jj and/cc proper/jj nouns/nns ./.
Other/ap synonyms/nns could/md of/in course/nn serve/vb the/at same/ap function/nn ,/, and/cc for/in the/at sake/nn of/in ease/nn I/ppss shall/md speak/vb of/in kennings/nns and/cc epithets/nns in/in the/at widest/jjt and/cc loosest/jjt possible/jj sense/nn ,/, and/cc name/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, Gar-Dene/nps-nc a/at kenning/nn for/in the/at Danes/nps ./.
Verbal/jj and/cc adverbial/jj elements/nns too/rb participated/vbd in/in each/dt epic/nn diction/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez for/in the/at present/nn sufficient/jj to/to mark/vb the/at large/jj nominal/jj and/cc adjectival/jj supply/nn of/in semantic/jj near-equivalents/nns ,/, and/cc to/to designate/vb the/at members/nns of/in any/dti system/nn of/in equivalents/nns as/cs basic/jj formulas/nns of/in the/at poetic/jj language/nn ./.
Limited/vbn to/in a/at few/ap thousand/cd lines/nns of/in heroic/jj verse/nn in/in Anglo-Saxon/jj as/cs in/in the/at other/ap Germanic/jj dialects/nns ,/, we/ppss cannot/md* say/vb how/wql frequently/rb the/at kennings/nns in/in Beowulf/np-tl recurred/vbd in/in contemporary/jj epic/nn on/in the/at same/ap soil/nn ./.
But/cc we/ppss can/md say/vb that/cs since/cs a/at writing/vbg poet/nn ,/, with/in leisure/nn before/in him/ppo ,/, would/md seem/vb unlikely/jj to/to invent/vb a/at technique/nn based/vbn upon/in frequent/jj and/cc substantial/jj circumlocution/nn ,/, the/at kennings/nns like/cs the/at epithets/nns must/md reasonably/rb be/be ascribed/vbn to/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn ./.


	One/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt Homerists/nps of/in our/pp$ time/nn ,/, Frederick/np M./np Combellack/np ,/, argues/vbz that/cs when/wrb it/pps is/bez assumed/vbn The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl are/ber oral/jj poems/nns ,/, the/at postulated/vbn single/ap redactor/nn called/vbn Homer/np cannot/md* be/be either/cc credited/vbn with/in or/cc denied/vbn originality/nn in/in choice/nn of/in phrasing/vbg ./.
Any/dti example/nn of/in grand/jj or/cc exquisite/jj diction/nn may/md have/hv been/ben created/vbn by/in the/at poet/nn who/wps compiled/vbd numerous/jj lays/nns into/in the/at two/cd works/nns we/ppss possess/vb or/cc may/md be/be due/jj to/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ completely/ql unknown/jj fellow-craftsmen/nns ./.
The/at quest/nn of/in the/at historical/jj Homer/np is/bez likely/jj never/rb to/to have/hv further/ap success/nn ;/. ;/.
no/at individual/ap word/nn in/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl or/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl can/md be/be credited/vbn to/in any/dti one/cd man/nn ;/. ;/.
no/at strikingly/rb effective/jj element/nn of/in speech/nn in/in the/at extant/jj poems/nns can/md with/in assurance/nn be/be said/vbn not/* to/to have/hv been/ben a/at commonplace/nn in/in the/at vaster/jjr epic/nn corpus/nn that/wps may/md have/hv existed/vbn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at first/od millennium/nn before/in Christ/np ./.
This/dt observation/nn is/bez of/in interest/nn not/* only/rb to/in students/nns of/in Homeric/jj poetry/nn but/cc to/in students/nns of/in Anglo-Saxon/jj poetry/nn as/ql well/rb ./.
To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs a/at tale/nn is/bez twice/rb told/vbn ,/, its/pp$ final/ap author/nn must/md be/be suspect/jj ,/, although/cs plagiarism/nn in/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn is/bez less/ap a/at misdemeanor/nn than/cs the/at standard/jj modus/fw-nn dicendi/fw-vbg ./.


	Combellack/np argues/vbz further/rbr ,/, and/cc here/rb he/pps makes/vbz his/pp$ main/jjs point/nn ,/, that/cs once/cs The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl are/ber thought/vbn formulaic/jj poems/nns composed/vbn for/in an/at audience/nn accustomed/vbn to/in formulaic/jj poetry/nn ,/, Homeric/jj critics/nns are/ber deprived/vbn of/in an/at entire/jj domain/nn they/ppss previously/rb found/vbd arable/jj ./.
With/in a/at few/ap important/jj and/cc a/at few/ap more/ql unimportant/jj exceptions/nns ,/, no/at expression/nn can/md be/be deemed/vbn le/fw-at mot/fw-nn juste/fw-jj for/in its/pp$ context/nn ,/, because/cs each/dt was/bedz very/ql probably/rb the/at only/ap expression/nn that/wpo long-established/jj practice/nn and/cc ease/nn of/in rapid/jj recitation/nn would/md allow/vb ./.
Words/nns or/cc phrases/nns that/wpo connoisseurs/nns have/hv admired/vbn as/cs handsome/jj or/cc ironic/jj or/cc humorous/jj must/md therefore/rb lose/vb merit/nn and/cc become/vb regarded/vbn as/cs mere/jj inevitable/jj time-servers/nns ,/, sometimes/rb accurate/jj and/cc sometimes/rb not/* ./.
This/dt observation/nn too/rb may/md have/hv reference/nn to/in Anglo-Saxon/jj poetry/nn ./.
To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs a/at language/nn is/bez formulaic/jj ,/, its/pp$ individual/ap components/nns must/md be/be regarded/vbn as/cs no/ql more/ql distinguished/vbn than/cs other/ap cliches/nns ./.


	W./np F./np Bryan/np suggests/vbz that/cs certain/ap kennings/nns in/in Beowulf/np-tl were/bed selected/vbn sometimes/rb for/in appropriateness/nn and/cc sometimes/rb for/in ironic/jj inappropriateness/nn ,/, but/cc such/abl a/at view/nn would/md appear/vb untenable/jj unless/cs it/pps is/bez denied/vbn that/cs the/at language/nn of/in Beowulf/np-tl is/bez formulaic/jj ./.
If/cs the/at master/nn of/in scops/nns who/wps was/bedz most/ql responsible/jj for/in the/at poem/nn ever/rb used/vbd kennings/nns that/wps were/bed traditional/jj ,/, he/pps was/bedz at/in least/ap partly/rb deprived/vbn of/in free/jj will/nn and/cc not/* inclined/vbn towards/in shrewd/jj and/cc sophisticated/jj misuse/nn of/in speech/nn elements/nns ./.
Once/cs many/ap significant/jj phrases/nns are/ber found/vbn in/in theory/nn or/cc in/in recurrent/jj practice/nn to/to provide/vb for/in prosodic/jj necessity/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber not/* to/to be/be defended/vbn for/in their/pp$ semantic/jj properties/nns in/in isolated/vbn contexts/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez false/jj to/to be/be certain/jj of/in having/hvg discovered/vbn in/in the/at language/nn of/in Beowulf/np-tl such/jj effects/nns as/cs intentional/jj irony/nn ./.


	Yet/rb ,/, if/cs the/at argument/nn is/bez turned/vbn awry/jj ,/, there/ex may/md be/be found/vbn a/at great/jj deal/nn in/in Bryan's/np$ view/nn ,/, after/in all/abn ./.
A/at formulaic/jj element/nn need/md not/* be/be held/vbn meaningless/jj merely/rb because/cs it/pps was/bedz selected/vbn with/in little/ap conscious/jj reflection/nn ./.
Time-servers/nns ,/, though/cs the/at periphrastic/jj expressions/nns are/ber ,/, they/ppss may/md nevertheless/rb be/be handsome/jj or/cc ironic/jj or/cc humorous/jj ./.
A/at long/jj evolution/nn in/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn caused/vbd the/at poetic/jj language/nn of/in the/at heroic/jj age/nn to/to be/be based/vbn upon/in formulas/nns that/wps show/vb the/at important/jj qualities/nns of/in things/nns ,/, and/cc these/dts formulas/nns are/ber therefore/rb potentially/rb rather/rb than/cs always/rb actually/rb accurate/jj ./.
True/rb ,/, we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb how/wrb they/ppss were/bed regarded/vbn in/in their/pp$ day/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss need/md not/* believe/vb the/at epic/nn audience/nn to/to have/hv been/ben more/ql insensitive/jj to/in the/at formulas/nns than/cs the/at numerous/jj scholars/nns of/in modern/jj times/nns who/wps have/hv read/vbn Germanic/jj or/cc Homeric/jj poetry/nn all/abn their/pp$ lives/nns and/cc still/rb found/vbd much/ap to/to admire/vb in/in occasional/jj occurrences/nns of/in the/at most/ql familiar/jj phrases/nns ./.
Nouns/nns and/cc adjectives/nns in/in a/at written/vbn tradition/nn are/ber chosen/vbn for/in the/at nonce/nn ;/. ;/.
in/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn they/ppss may/md be/be chosen/vbn for/in the/at entire/jj epic/nn corpus/nn ,/, and/cc tend/vb towards/in idealization/nn rather/rb than/cs distinctive/jj delineation/nn ./.
Reliance/nn is/bez therefore/rb not/* to/to be/be placed/vbn upon/in the/at archaeological/jj particulars/nns in/in an/at oral/jj poem/nn ;/. ;/.
no-one/pn today/nr would/md hope/vb to/to discover/vb the/at unmistakable/jj ruins/nns of/in Heorot/np or/cc the/at palace/nn of/in Priam/np ./.
A/at ship/nn at/in dry-dock/nn could/md be/be called/vbn a/at foamy-necked/jj floater/nn in/in Anglo-Saxon/np or/cc a/at swift/jj ship/nn in/in Greek/np ./.
Even/rb when/wrb defenseless/jj of/in weapons/nns the/at Danes/nps would/md be/be Gar-Dene/nps (/( as/cs their/pp$ king/nn is/bez Hrothgar/np )/) and/cc Priam/np would/md be/be EUMMELIHS/fw-jj ./.
Achilles/np ,/, like/cs Siegfried/np in/in The/at-tl Nibelungenlied/np-tl ,/, is/bez potentially/rb the/at swiftest/jjt of/in men/nns and/cc may/md accordingly/rb be/be called/vbn swift-footed/jj even/rb when/wrb he/pps stands/vbz idle/jj ./.
In/in Coriolanus/np-tl the/at agnomen/nn of/in Marcius/np is/bez used/vbn deliberately/rb and/cc pointedly/rb ,/, but/cc the/at Homeric/jj epithets/nns and/cc the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj kennings/nns are/ber used/vbn casually/rb and/cc recall/vb to/in the/at hearer/nn ``/`` a/at familiar/jj story/nn or/cc situation/nn or/cc a/at useful/jj or/cc pleasant/jj quality/nn of/in the/at referent/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at epic/nn language/nn was/bedz not/* entirely/rb the/at servant/nn of/in the/at poet/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps was/bedz partly/rb his/pp$ master/nn ./.
The/at poet's/nn$ intentions/nns are/ber difficult/jj to/to discern/vb and/cc ,/, except/in to/in biographers/nns ,/, unimportant/jj ;/. ;/.
the/at language/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez a/at proper/jj object/nn of/in scrutiny/nn ,/, and/cc the/at effects/nns of/in the/at language/nn are/ber palpable/jj even/rb if/cs sometimes/rb inevitable/jj ./.


	Beowulf/np-tl and/cc the/at Homeric/jj poems/nns appear/vb oral/jj compositions/nns ./.
Yet/cc they/ppss are/ber written/vbn ;/. ;/.
at/in some/dti stage/nn in/in their/pp$ evolution/nn they/ppss were/bed transcribed/vbn ./.
Albert/np B./np Lord/np suggests/vbz that/cs the/at Homeric/jj poems/nns were/bed dictated/vbn to/in a/at scribe/nn by/in a/at minstrel/nn who/wps held/vbd in/in his/pp$ mind/nn the/at poems/nns fully/rb matured/vbn but/cc did/dod not/* himself/ppl possess/vb the/at knowledge/nn of/in writing/vbg since/cs it/pps would/md be/be useless/jj to/in his/pp$ guild/nn ,/, and/cc Magoun/np argues/vbz that/cs the/at Beowulf/np-tl poet/nn and/cc Cynewulf/np may/md have/hv dictated/vbn their/pp$ verse/nn in/in the/at same/ap fashion/nn ./.
This/dt explanation/nn is/bez attractive/jj ,/, but/cc is/bez vitiated/vbn at/in least/ap in/in part/nn by/in the/at observation/nn that/cs Cynewulf/np ,/, though/cs he/pps used/vbd kennings/nns in/in the/at traditional/jj manner/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at literate/jj man/nn who/wps four/cd times/nns inscribed/vbd his/pp$ name/nn by/in runes/nns into/in his/pp$ works/nns ./.
If/cs Cynewulf/np was/bedz literate/jj ,/, the/at Beowulf/np-tl poet/nn may/md have/hv been/ben also/rb ,/, and/cc so/rb may/md the/at final/ap redactor/nn of/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl ./.
In/in lieu/nn of/in the/at amanuensis/nn to/in the/at blind/jj or/cc illiterate/jj bard/nn ,/, one/pn may/md conceive/vb of/in a/at man/nn who/wps heard/vbd a/at vast/jj store/nn of/in oral/jj poetry/nn recited/vbn ,/, and/cc became/vbd intimately/rb familiar/jj with/in the/at established/vbn aids/nns to/in poetizing/vbg ,/, and/cc himself/ppl wrote/vbd his/pp$ own/jj compositions/nns or/cc his/pp$ edition/nn of/in the/at compositions/nns of/in the/at past/nn ./.
Other/ap theories/nns of/in origin/nn are/ber compatible/jj with/in the/at formulaic/jj theory/nn :/: Beowulf/np-tl may/md contain/vb a/at design/nn for/in terror/nn ,/, and/cc The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl may/md have/hv a/at vast/jj hysteron-proteron/nn pattern/nn answering/vbg to/in a/at ceramic/jj pattern/nn produced/vbn during/in the/at Geometric/jj-tl Period/nn-tl in/in pottery/nn ./.
The/at account/nn of/in the/at growth/nn and/cc final/ap transcription/nn of/in these/dts epics/nns rests/vbz partly/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, upon/in the/at degree/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed formulaic/jj ./.


	Carl/np Eduard/np Schmidt/np counted/vbd 1804/cd different/jj lines/nns repeated/vbn exactly/rb in/in the/at two/cd Homeric/jj poems/nns ,/, and/cc by/in increasing/vbg this/dt figure/nn so/cs as/cs to/to include/vb lines/nns repeated/vbn with/in very/ql slight/jj modifications/nns he/pps counted/vbd 2118/cd different/jj lines/nns used/vbn a/at total/nn of/in 5612/cd times/nns ./.
Thus/rb one/cd line/nn in/in five/cd from/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn somewhere/rb else/rb in/in the/at two/cd poems/nns ./.
The/at ratio/nn is/bez thoroughly/ql remarkable/jj ,/, because/cs the/at lines/nns are/ber so/ql long/jj --/-- half/abn again/rb as/ql long/jj as/cs those/dts of/in Beowulf/np-tl ./.
Anglo-Saxon/jj poetry/nn appears/vbz to/to have/hv no/at comparable/jj amount/nn of/in repetition/nn ;/. ;/.
there/ex is/bez no/at reason/nn to/to think/vb that/cs the/at scop/nn used/vbd and/cc re-used/vbd whole/jj lines/nns and/cc even/rb lengthy/jj passages/nns after/in the/at manner/nn of/in his/pp$ Homeric/jj colleague/nn ./.
In/in determining/vbg the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt any/dti poem/nn is/bez formulaic/jj it/pps is/bez idle/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to inspect/vb nothing/pn besides/in lines/nns repeated/vbn in/in their/pp$ entirety/nn ,/, for/cs a/at stock/nn of/in line-fragments/nns would/md be/be sufficient/jj to/to permit/vb the/at poet/nn to/to extemporize/vb with/in deftness/nn if/cs they/ppss provided/vbd for/in prosodic/jj needs/nns ./.
The/at closest/jjt scrutiny/nn is/bez owed/vbn to/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj kennings/nns and/cc the/at Homeric/jj epithets/nns ;/. ;/.
if/cs any/dti words/nns or/cc phrases/nns are/ber formulaic/jj ,/, they/ppss will/md be/be ./.


	The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl has/hvz two/cd words/nns for/in the/at shield/nn ,/, ASPIS/fw-nn-nc and/cc SAKOS/fw-nn-nc ./.