cj08

Biological/jj-hl warfare/nn-hl 
Biological/jj warfare/nn is/bez the/at intentional/jj use/nn of/in living/vbg microorganisms/nns or/cc their/pp$ toxic/jj products/nns for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in destroying/vbg or/cc reducing/vbg the/at military/jj effectiveness/nn of/in man/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez the/at exploitation/nn of/in the/at inherent/jj potential/nn of/in infectious/jj disease/nn agents/nns by/in scientific/jj research/nn and/cc development/nn ,/, resulting/vbg in/in the/at production/nn of/in BW/nn weapons/nns systems/nns ./.
Man/nn may/md also/rb be/be injured/vbn secondarily/rb by/in damage/nn to/in his/pp$ food/nn crops/nns or/cc domestic/jj animals/nns ./.


	Biological/jj warfare/nn is/bez considered/vbn to/to be/be primarily/rb a/at strategic/jj weapon/nn ./.
The/at major/jj reason/nn for/in this/dt is/bez that/cs it/pps has/hvz no/at quick-kill/nn effect/nn ./.
The/at incubation/nn period/nn of/in infectious/jj disease/nn ,/, plus/in a/at variable/jj period/nn of/in illness/nn even/rb before/in a/at lethal/jj effect/nn ,/, render/vb this/dt weapon/nn unsuitable/jj for/in hand-to-hand/jj encounter/nn ./.
A/at man/nn can/md be/be an/at effective/jj fighting/vbg machine/nn throughout/in the/at incubation/nn period/nn of/in most/ap infectious/jj diseases/nns ./.
Thus/rb ,/, an/at enemy/nn would/md probably/rb use/vb this/dt weapon/nn for/in attack/nn on/in static/jj population/nn centers/nns such/jj as/cs large/jj cities/nns ./.


	An/at important/jj operational/jj procedure/nn in/in BW/nn for/in an/at enemy/nn would/md be/be to/to create/vb an/at areosol/nn or/cc cloud/nn of/in agent/nn over/in the/at target/nn area/nn ./.
This/dt concept/nn has/hvz stimulated/vbn much/ap basic/jj research/nn concerning/in the/at behavior/nn of/in particulate/jj biological/jj materials/nns ,/, the/at pathogenesis/nn of/in respiratory/jj infections/nns ,/, the/at medical/jj management/nn of/in such/jj diseases/nns and/cc defense/nn against/in their/pp$ occurrence/nn ./.


	The/at biological/jj and/cc physical/jj properties/nns of/in infectious/jj particles/nns have/hv been/ben studied/vbn intensively/rb during/in the/at past/ap fifteen/cd years/nns ./.
Much/ap new/jj equipment/nn and/cc many/ap unique/jj techniques/nns have/hv been/ben developed/vbn for/in the/at quantitative/jj exposure/nn of/in experimental/jj animals/nns to/in aerosols/nns of/in infectious/jj agents/nns contained/vbn in/in particles/nns of/in specified/vbn dimensional/jj characteristics/nns ./.
Much/ap information/nn has/hvz been/ben gathered/vbn relative/jj to/in quantitative/jj sampling/nn and/cc assesment/nn techniques/nns ./.
Much/ap of/in the/at older/jjr experimental/jj work/nn on/in respiratory/jj infections/nns was/bedz accomplished/vbn by/in very/ql artificial/jj procedures/nns ./.
The/at intranasal/jj instillation/nn of/in a/at fluid/nn suspension/nn of/in infectious/jj agent/nn in/in an/at anesthetized/vbn animal/nn is/bez far/ql different/jj from/in exposure/nn ,/, through/in natural/jj respiration/nn ,/, to/in aerosolized/vbn organisms/nns ./.


	The/at importance/nn of/in particle/nn size/nn in/in such/jj aerosols/nns has/hvz been/ben thoroughly/rb demonstrated/vbn ./.
The/at natural/jj anatomical/jj and/cc physiological/jj defensive/jj features/nns of/in the/at upper/jjr respiratory/jj tract/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at turbinates/nns of/in the/at nose/nn and/cc the/at cilia/nns of/in the/at trachea/nn and/cc larger/jjr bronchi/nns ,/, are/ber capable/jj of/in impinging/vbg out/rp the/at larger/jjr particles/nns to/in which/wdt we/ppss are/ber ordinarily/rb exposed/vbn in/in our/pp$ daily/jj existence/nn ./.
Very/ql small/jj particles/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in a/at size/nn range/nn of/in 1/cd to/in 4/cd microns/nns in/in diameter/nn are/ber capable/jj of/in passing/vbg these/dts impinging/vbg barriers/nns and/cc entering/vbg the/at alveolar/jj bed/nn of/in the/at lungs/nns ./.
This/dt area/nn is/bez highly/ql susceptible/jj to/in infection/nn ./.
The/at entrance/nn and/cc retention/nn of/in infectious/jj particles/nns in/in the/at alveoli/nns amounts/vbz almost/rb to/in an/at intratissue/jj inoculation/nn ./.
The/at relationship/nn between/in particle/nn size/nn and/cc infectious/jj dose/nn is/bez illustrated/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./.


	In/in considering/vbg BW/nn defense/nn ,/, it/pps must/md be/be recognized/vbn that/cs a/at number/nn of/in critical/jj meterological/jj parameters/nns must/md be/be met/vbn for/cs an/at aerosol/nn to/to exhibit/vb optimum/jj effect/nn ./.
For/in example/nn ,/, bright/jj sunlight/nn is/bez rapidly/rb destructive/jj for/in living/vbg microorganisms/nns suspended/vbn in/in air/nn ./.
There/ex are/ber optimal/jj humidity/nn requirements/nns for/in various/jj agents/nns when/wrb airborne/jj ./.
Neutral/jj or/cc inversion/nn meteorological/jj conditions/nns are/ber necessary/jj for/cs a/at cloud/nn to/to travel/vb along/in the/at surface/nn ./.
It/pps will/md rise/vb during/in lapse/nn conditions/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, certain/ap times/nns during/in the/at 24-hour/jj daily/jj cycle/nn when/wrb most/ap of/in these/dts conditions/nns will/md be/be met/vbn ./.


	Certain/ap other/ap properties/nns of/in small/jj particles/nns ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in those/dts already/rb mentioned/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in penetration/nn of/in the/at respiratory/jj tract/nn ,/, are/ber noteworthy/jj in/in defense/nn considerations/nns ./.
The/at smaller/jjr the/at particle/nn the/at further/rbr it/pps will/md travel/vb downwind/rb before/cs settling/vbg out/rp ./.
An/at aerosol/nn of/in such/ql small/jj particles/nns ,/, moreover/rb ,/, diffuses/vbz through/in structures/nns in/in much/ap the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs a/at gas/nn ./.
There/ex may/md be/be a/at number/nn of/in secondary/jj effects/nns resulting/vbg from/in diffusion/nn through/in buildings/nns such/jj as/cs widespread/jj contamination/nn of/in kitchens/nns ,/, restaurants/nns ,/, food/nn stores/nns ,/, hospitals/nns ,/, etc./rb ./.
Depending/in on/in the/at organism/nn ,/, there/ex may/md be/be multiplication/nn in/in some/dti food/nn or/cc beverage/nn products/nns ,/, i.e./rb ,/, in/in milk/nn for/in example/nn ./.
The/at secondary/jj consequences/nns from/in this/dt could/md be/be very/ql serious/jj and/cc must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in consideration/nn in/in planning/vbg for/in defense/nn ./.


	Something/pn of/in the/at behavior/nn of/in clouds/nns of/in small/jj particles/nns can/md be/be illustrated/vbn by/in the/at following/vbg field/nn trials/nns :/: 

	In/in the/at first/od trial/nn an/at inert/jj substance/nn was/bedz disseminated/vbn from/in a/at boat/nn travelling/vbg some/rb ten/cd miles/nns off/in shore/nn under/in appropriately/rb selected/vbn meteorological/jj conditions/nns ./.
Zinc/nn cadmium/nn sulfide/nn in/in particles/nns of/in 2/cd microns/nns in/in size/nn were/bed disseminated/vbn ./.
This/dt material/nn fluoresces/vbz under/in ultraviolet/jj light/nn which/wdt facilitates/vbz its/pp$ sampling/nn and/cc assessment/nn ./.
Four/cd hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd pounds/nns was/bedz disseminated/vbn while/cs the/at ship/nn was/bedz traveling/vbg a/at distance/nn of/in 156/cd miles/nns ./.


	Figure/nn 1/cd describes/vbz the/at results/nns obtained/vbn in/in this/dt trial/nn ./.
The/at particles/nns traveled/vbd a/at maximum/jj detected/vbn distance/nn of/in some/rb 450/cd miles/nns ./.
From/in these/dts dosage/nn isopleths/nns it/ppo can/md be/be seen/vbn that/cs an/at area/nn of/in over/rp 34,000/cd square/jj miles/nns was/bedz covered/vbn ./.
These/dts dosages/nns could/md have/hv been/ben increased/vbn by/in increasing/vbg the/at source/nn strength/nn which/wdt was/bedz small/jj in/in this/dt case/nn ./.


	The/at behavior/nn of/in a/at biological/jj aerosol/nn ,/, on/in a/at much/ql smaller/jjr scale/nn ,/, is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in a/at specific/jj field/nn trial/nn conducted/vbn with/in a/at non-pathogenic/jj organism/nn ./.
An/at aqueous/jj suspension/nn of/in the/at spores/nns of/in B./np subtilis/np ,/, var./nn niger/np ,/, generally/rb known/vbn as/cs Bacillus/np globigii/np ,/, was/bedz aerosolized/vbn using/vbg commercially/rb available/jj nozzles/nns ./.
A/at satisfactory/jj cloud/nn was/bedz produced/vbn even/rb though/cs these/dts nozzles/nns were/bed only/rb about/rb 5/cd per/in cent/nn efficient/jj in/in producing/vbg an/at initial/jj cloud/nn in/in the/at size/nn range/nn of/in 1/cd to/in 5/cd microns/nns ./.
In/in this/dt test/nn ,/, 130/cd gallons/nns of/in a/at suspension/nn ,/, having/hvg a/at count/nn of/in Af/nn organisms/nns per/in ml/nn ,/, or/cc a/at total/nn of/in approximately/rb Af/nn spores/nns ,/, was/bedz aerosolized/vbn ./.
The/at spraying/vbg operation/nn was/bedz conducted/vbn from/in the/at rear/jj deck/nn of/in a/at small/jj Naval/jj-tl vessel/nn ,/, cruising/vbg two/cd miles/nns off-shore/rb and/cc vertical/jj to/in an/at on-sure/jj breeze/nn ./.
Spraying/vbg continued/vbd along/in a/at two-mile/jj course/nn ./.


	This/dt operation/nn was/bedz started/vbn at/in 5:00/cd p.m./rb and/cc lasted/vbd for/in 29/cd minutes/nns ./.
There/ex was/bedz a/at slight/jj lapse/nn condition/nn ,/, a/at moderate/jj fog/nn ,/, and/cc 100/cd per/in cent/nn relative/jj humidity/nn ./.
A/at network/nn of/in sampling/vbg stations/nns had/hvd been/ben set/vbn up/rp on/in shore/nn ./.
These/dts were/bed located/vbn at/in the/at homes/nns of/in Government/nn-tl employees/nns ,/, in/in Government/nn-tl Offices/nns-tl ,/, buildings/nns and/cc reservations/nns within/in the/at trial/nn area/nn ./.
A/at rough/jj attempt/nn was/bedz made/vbn to/to characterize/vb the/at vertical/jj profile/nn of/in the/at cloud/nn by/in taking/vbg samples/nns from/in outside/in the/at windows/nns on/in the/at first/od ,/, ninth/od ,/, and/cc fifteenth/od floors/nns of/in a/at Government/nn-tl office/nn building/nn ./.


	All/abn samplers/nns were/bed operated/vbn for/in a/at period/nn of/in two/cd hours/nns except/in one/cd ,/, which/wdt was/bedz operated/vbn for/in four/cd hours/nns ./.
In/in this/dt instance/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz a/at dosage/nn of/in 562/cd during/in the/at first/od two/cd hours/nns and/cc a/at total/jj dosage/nn of/in 1980/cd for/in the/at four-hour/jj period/nn ,/, a/at four-fold/jj increase/nn ./.
This/dt suggests/vbz that/cs the/at sampling/vbg period/nn ,/, particularly/rb at/in the/at more/ql distant/jj locations/nns ,/, should/md have/hv been/ben increased/vbn ./.


	As/cs can/md be/be seen/vbn from/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, an/at extensive/jj area/nn was/bedz covered/vbn by/in this/dt aerosol/nn ./.
The/at maximum/jj distance/nn sampled/vbn was/bedz 23/cd miles/nns from/in the/at source/nn ./.
As/cs can/md be/be seen/vbn from/in these/dts dosage/nn isopleths/nns ,/, approximately/rb 100/cd square/jj miles/nns was/bedz covered/vbn within/in the/at area/nn sampled/vbn ./.
It/pps is/bez quite/ql likely/jj that/cs an/at even/ql greater/jjr area/nn was/bedz covered/vbn ,/, particularly/rb downwind/rb ./.
The/at dosages/nns in/in the/at three/cd levels/nns of/in the/at vertical/jj profile/nn were/bed :/: Af/nn 

	./.
This/dt was/bedz not/* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, enough/ap sampling/nn to/to give/vb a/at satisfactory/jj description/nn of/in the/at vertical/jj diffusion/nn of/in the/at aerosol/nn ./.


	A/at number/nn of/in unique/jj medical/jj problems/nns might/md be/be created/vbn when/wrb man/nn is/bez exposed/vbn to/in an/at infectious/jj agent/nn through/in the/at respiratory/jj route/nn rather/rb than/cs by/in natural/jj portal/nn of/in entry/nn ./.
Some/dti agents/nns have/hv been/ben shown/vbn to/to be/be much/ql more/ql toxic/jj or/cc infectious/jj to/in experimental/jj animals/nns when/wrb exposed/vbn to/in aerosols/nns of/in optimum/jj particle/nn size/nn than/cs by/in the/at natural/jj portal/nn ./.
Botulinal/jj toxin/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, is/bez several/ap thousand-fold/nn more/ql toxic/jj by/in this/dt route/nn than/cs when/wrb given/vbn per/in os/nn ./.
In/in some/dti instances/nns a/at different/jj clinical/jj disease/nn picture/nn may/md result/vb from/in this/dt route/nn of/in exposure/nn ,/, making/vbg diagnosis/nn difficult/jj ./.
In/in tularemia/nn produced/vbn by/in aerosol/nn exposure/nn ,/, one/pn would/md not/* expect/vb to/to find/vb the/at classical/jj ulcer/nn of/in ``/`` rabbit/nn fever/nn ''/'' on/in a/at finger/nn ./.


	An/at enemy/nn would/md obviously/rb choose/vb an/at agent/nn that/wps is/bez believed/vbn to/to be/be highly/ql infectious/jj ./.
Agents/nns that/wps are/ber known/vbn to/to cause/vb frequent/jj infections/nns among/in laboratory/nn workers/nns such/jj as/cs those/dts causing/vbg Q/nn fever/nn ,/, tularemia/nn ,/, brucellosis/nn ,/, glanders/nns ,/, coccidioidomycosis/nn ,/, etc./rb ,/, belong/vb in/in this/dt category/nn ./.


	An/at agent/nn would/md likely/rb be/be selected/vbn which/wdt would/md possess/vb sufficient/jj viability/nn and/cc virulence/nn stability/nn to/to meet/vb realistic/jj minimal/jj logistic/jj requirements/nns ./.
It/pps is/bez ,/, obviously/rb ,/, a/at proper/jj goal/nn of/in research/nn to/to improve/vb on/in this/dt property/nn ./.
In/in this/dt connection/nn it/pps should/md be/be capable/jj of/in being/beg disseminated/vbn without/in excessive/jj destruction/nn ./.
Moreover/rb ,/, it/pps should/md not/* be/be so/ql fastidious/jj in/in its/pp$ growth/nn requirements/nns as/cs to/to make/vb production/nn on/in a/at militarily/rb significant/jj scale/nn improbable/jj ./.


	An/at aggressor/nn would/md use/vb an/at agent/nn against/in which/wdt there/ex was/bedz a/at minimal/jj naturally/rb acquired/vbn or/cc artificially/rb induced/vbn immunity/nn in/in a/at target/nn population/nn ./.
A/at solid/jj immunity/nn is/bez the/at one/cd effective/jj circumstance/nn whereby/wrb attack/nn by/in a/at specific/jj agent/nn can/md be/be neutralized/vbn ./.
It/pps must/md be/be remembered/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap agents/nns for/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez no/at solid/jj immunity/nn and/cc a/at partial/jj or/cc low-grade/nn immunity/nn may/md be/be broken/vbn by/in an/at appropriate/jj dose/nn of/in agent/nn ./.


	There/ex is/bez a/at broad/jj spectrum/nn of/in organisms/nns from/in which/wdt selection/nn for/in a/at specified/vbn military/jj purpose/nn might/md be/be made/vbn ./.
An/at enemy/nn might/md choose/vb an/at acutely/ql debilitating/jj microorganism/nn ,/, a/at chronic/jj disease/nn producer/nn or/cc one/cd causing/vbg a/at high/jj rate/nn of/in lethality/nn ./.


	It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs certain/ap mutational/jj forms/nns may/md be/be produced/vbn such/jj as/cs antibiotic/nn resistant/jj strains/nns ./.
Mutants/nns may/md also/rb be/be developed/vbn with/in changes/nns in/in biochemical/jj properties/nns that/wps are/ber of/in importance/nn in/in identification/nn ./.
All/abn of/in these/dts considerations/nns are/ber of/in critical/jj importance/nn in/in considering/vbg defense/nn and/cc medical/jj management/nn ./.


	Biological/jj agents/nns are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, highly/ql host-specific/jj ./.
They/ppss do/do not/* destroy/vb physical/jj structures/nns as/cs is/bez true/jj of/in high/jj explosives/nns ./.
This/dt may/md be/be of/in overriding/vbg importance/nn in/in considering/vbg military/jj objectives/nns ./.


	The/at question/nn of/in epidemic/nn disease/nn merits/vbz some/dti discussion/nn ./.
Only/rb a/at limited/vbn effort/nn has/hvz been/ben devoted/vbn to/in this/dt problem/nn ./.
Some/dti of/in those/dts who/wps question/vb the/at value/nn of/in BW/nn have/hv assumed/vbn that/cs the/at only/ap potential/nn would/md be/be in/in the/at establishment/nn of/in epidemics/nns ./.
They/ppss then/rb point/vb out/rp that/cs with/in our/pp$ present/jj lack/nn of/in knowledge/nn of/in all/abn the/at factors/nns concerned/vbn in/in the/at rise/nn and/cc fall/nn of/in epidemics/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez unlikely/jj that/cs a/at planned/vbn episode/nn could/md be/be initiated/vbn ./.
They/ppss argue/vb further/rbr (/( and/cc somewhat/ql contradictorily/rb )/) that/cs our/pp$ knowledge/nn and/cc resources/nns in/in preventive/jj medicine/nn would/md make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to control/vb such/abl an/at outbreak/nn of/in disease/nn ./.
This/dt is/bez why/wrb this/dt approach/nn to/in BW/nn defense/nn has/hvz not/* been/ben given/vbn major/jj attention/nn ./.


	Our/pp$ major/jj problem/nn is/bez what/wdt an/at enemy/nn might/md accomplish/vb in/in an/at initial/jj attack/nn on/in a/at target/nn ./.
This/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, does/doz not/* eliminate/vb from/in consideration/nn for/in this/dt purpose/nn agents/nns that/wps are/ber associated/vbn naturally/rb with/in epidemic/nn disease/nn ./.
A/at hypothetical/jj example/nn will/md illustrate/vb this/dt point/nn ./.
Let/vb us/ppo assume/vb that/cs it/pps would/md be/be possible/jj for/cs an/at enemy/nn to/to create/vb an/at aerosol/nn of/in the/at causative/jj agent/nn of/in epidemic/nn typhus/nn (/( Rickettsia/np prowazwki/np )/) over/in City/nn-tl A/np-tl and/cc that/cs a/at large/jj number/nn of/in cases/nns of/in typhus/nn fever/nn resulted/vbd therefrom/rb ./.
No/at epidemic/nn was/bedz initiated/vbn nor/cc was/bedz one/cd expected/vbn because/cs the/at population/nn in/in City/nn-tl A/np-tl was/bedz not/* lousy/jj ./.
Lousiness/nn is/bez a/at prerequisite/nn for/in epidemic/nn typhus/nn ./.
In/in this/dt case/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, the/at military/jj objective/nn was/bedz accomplished/vbn with/in an/at epidemic/nn agent/nn solely/rb through/in the/at results/nns secured/vbn in/in the/at initial/jj attack/nn ./.
This/dt was/bedz done/vbn with/in full/jj knowledge/nn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be no/at epidemic/nn ./.
On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, a/at similar/jj attack/nn might/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn on/in City/nn-tl B/nn whose/wp$ population/nn was/bedz known/vbn to/to be/be lousy/jj ./.
One/pn might/md expect/vb some/dti spread/nn of/in the/at disease/nn in/in this/dt case/nn resulting/vbg in/in increased/vbn effectiveness/nn of/in the/at attack/nn ./.


	The/at major/jj defensive/jj problems/nns are/ber concerned/vbn with/in the/at possibility/nn of/in overt/jj military/jj delivery/nn of/in biological/jj agents/nns from/in appropriate/jj disseminating/vbg devices/nns ./.
It/pps should/md be/be no/ql more/ql difficult/jj to/to deliver/vb such/jj devices/nns than/cs other/ap weapons/nns ./.
The/at same/ap delivery/nn vehicles/nns --/-- whether/cs they/ppss be/be airplanes/nns ,/, submarines/nns or/cc guided/vbn missiles/nns --/-- should/md be/be usable/jj ./.
If/cs it/pps is/bez possible/jj for/cs an/at enemy/nn to/to put/vb an/at atomic/jj bomb/nn on/in a/at city/nn ,/, it/pps should/md be/be equally/ql possible/jj to/to put/vb a/at cloud/nn of/in biological/jj agent/nn over/in that/dt city/nn ./.


	Biological/jj agents/nns are/ber ,/, moreover/rb ,/, suitable/jj for/in delivery/nn through/in enemy/nn sabotage/nn which/wdt imposes/vbz many/ap problems/nns in/in defense/nn ./.
A/at few/ap obvious/jj target/nn areas/nns of/in great/jj importance/nn might/md be/be mentioned/vbn ./.
The/at air/nn conditioning/nn and/cc ventilating/vbg systems/nns of/in large/jj buildings/nns are/ber subject/jj to/in attack/nn ./.
America/np is/bez rapidly/rb becoming/vbg a/at nation/nn that/wps uses/vbz processed/vbn ,/, precooked/vbn and/cc even/rb predigested/vbn foods/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez an/at enormous/jj industry/nn that/wps is/bez subject/jj to/in sabotage/nn ./.
One/pn must/md include/vb the/at preparation/nn of/in soft/jj drinks/nns and/cc the/at processing/nn of/in milk/nn and/cc milk/nn products/nns ./.
Huge/jj industries/nns are/ber involved/vbn also/rb in/in the/at production/nn of/in biological/jj products/nns ,/, drugs/nns and/cc cosmetics/nns which/wdt are/ber liable/jj to/in this/dt type/nn of/in attack/nn ./.