cg17

After/in only/rb eighteen/cd years/nns of/in non-interference/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed already/rb indications/nns of/in melioration/nn ,/, though/cs ``/`` in/in a/at slight/jj degree/nn ''/'' ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ./.


	There/ex were/bed more/ap indications/nns by/in the/at mid-twentieth/od century/nn ./.
I/ppss leave/vb it/ppo to/in the/at statisticians/nns to/to say/vb what/wdt they/ppss were/bed ,/, but/cc I/ppss noticed/vbd several/ap a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ,/, during/in an/at automobile/nn ride/nn from/in Memphis/np to/in Hattiesburg/np ./.
In/in town/nn after/in town/nn my/pp$ companion/nn pointed/vbd out/rp the/at Negro/np school/nn and/cc the/at White/jj-tl school/nn ,/, and/cc in/in every/at instance/nn the/at former/ap made/vbd a/at better/jjr appearance/nn (/( it/pps was/bedz newer/jjr ,/, for/in one/cd thing/nn )/) ./.
It/pps really/rb looked/vbd as/cs if/cs a/at change/nn of/in the/at sort/nn predicted/vbn by/in Booker/np T./np Washington/np had/hvd been/ben going/vbg on/rp ./.
But/cc with/in the/at renewal/nn of/in interference/nn in/in 1954/cd (/( as/cs with/in its/pp$ beginning/nn in/in 1835/cd )/) ,/, the/at improvement/nn was/bedz impaired/vbn ./.


	For/in over/rp a/at hundred/cd years/nns Southerners/nns-tl have/hv felt/vbn that/cs the/at North/nr-tl was/bedz picking/vbg on/in them/ppo ./.
It's/pps+bez infuriating/jj ,/, this/dt feeling/nn that/cs one/pn is/bez being/beg picked/vbn on/in ,/, continually/rb ,/, constantly/rb ./.
By/in what/wdt right/nn of/in superior/jj virtue/nn ,/, Southerners/nns-tl ask/vb ,/, do/do the/at people/nns of/in the/at North/nr-tl do/do this/dt ?/. ?/.
The/at traditional/jj strategy/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz been/ben to/to expose/vb the/at vices/nns of/in the/at North/nr-tl ,/, to/to demonstrate/vb that/cs the/at North/nr-tl possessed/vbd no/at superior/jj virtue/nn ,/, to/to ``/`` show/vb the/at world/nn that/cs ''/'' as/cs James's/np$ Christopher/np Newman/np said/vbd to/in his/pp$ adversaries/nns )/) ``/`` however/wql bad/jj I/ppss may/md be/be ,/, you're/ppss+ber not/* quite/abl the/at people/nns to/to say/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./.


	In/in the/at pre-Civil/jj War/nn-tl years/nns ,/, the/at South/nr-tl argued/vbd that/cs the/at slave/nn was/bedz not/* less/ql humanely/rb treated/vbn than/cs the/at factory/nn worker/nn of/in the/at North/nr-tl ./.
At/in the/at present/jj time/nn ,/, the/at counter-attack/nn takes/vbz the/at line/nn that/cs there's/ex+bez no/at more/ap of/in the/at true/jj spirit/nn of/in ``/`` integration/nn ''/'' in/in the/at North/nr-tl than/cs in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./.
The/at line/nn is/bez a/at pretty/ql good/jj one/cd ./.


	People/nns talk/vb about/in ``/`` the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn ''/'' ./.
The/at expression/nn has/hvz become/vbn quite/abl a/at cliche/nn ./.
But/cc people/nns can't/md* be/be made/vbn to/to integrate/vb ,/, socialize/vb (/( the/at two/cd are/ber inseparable/jj by/in Southern/jj-tl standards/nns )/) by/in law/nn ./.


	I/ppss was/bedz having/hvg lunch/nn not/* long/rb ago/rb (/( apologies/nns to/in N./np V./np Peale/np )/) with/in three/cd distinguished/vbn historians/nns (/( one/pn specializing/vbg in/in the/at European/jj-tl Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ,/, one/cd in/in American/jj history/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd in/in the/at Far/jj-tl East/nr-tl )/) ,/, and/cc I/ppss asked/vbd them/ppo if/cs they/ppss could/md name/vb instances/nns where/wrb the/at general/jj mores/nns had/hvd been/ben radically/rb changed/vbn with/in ``/`` deliberate/jj speed/nn ,/, majestic/jj instancy/nn ''/'' (/( Francis/np Thompson's/np$ words/nns for/in the/at Hound/nn-tl Of/in-tl Heaven's/nn$-tl Pursuit/nn-tl )/) by/in judicial/jj fiat/nn ./.
They/ppss didn't/dod* seem/vb to/to be/be able/jj to/to think/vb of/in any/dti ./.


	A/at Virginia/np judge/nn a/at while/nn back/rb cited/vbd a/at Roman/jj jurist/nn to/in the/at effect/nn that/cs ten/cd years/nns might/md be/be a/at reasonable/jj length/nn of/in time/nn for/in such/abl a/at change/nn ./.
But/cc I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs the/at old/jj Roman/jj was/bedz referring/vbg to/in change/nn made/vbn under/in military/jj occupation/nn --/-- the/at sort/nn of/in change/nn which/wdt Tacitus/np was/bedz talking/vbg about/in when/wrb he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` They/ppss make/vb a/at desert/nn ,/, and/cc call/vb it/ppo peace/nn ''/'' (/( ``/`` Solitudinem/fw-nn faciunt/fw-vb ,/, pacem/fw-nn appellant/fw-vbg ''/'' ./.
)/) ./.


	Moreover/rb ,/, the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn is/bez not/* irrevocable/jj ;/. ;/.
it/pps can/md be/be changed/vbn ;/. ;/.
it/pps has/hvz been/ben ,/, many/ap times/nns ./.
Mr./np Justice/np Taney's/np$ Dred/np Scott/np decision/nn in/in 1857/cd was/bedz unpopular/jj in/in the/at North/nr-tl ,/, and/cc soon/rb became/vbd a/at dead/jj letter/nn ./.
Prohibition/nn was/bedz the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz unpopular/jj (/( how/wql many/ap of/in us/ppo oldsters/nns took/vbd up/rp drinking/vbg in/in prohibition/nn days/nns ,/, drinking/vbg was/bedz so/ql gay/jj ,/, so/ql fashionable/jj ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at sophisticated/jj Northeast/nr-tl !/. !/.
)/) and/cc was/bedz repealed/vbn ./.
The/at cliche/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ talismanic/jj virtue/nn in/in the/at light/nn of/in a/at little/ap history/nn ./.


	The/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl says/vbz that/cs ``/`` governments/nns derive/vb their/pp$ just/jj powers/nns from/in the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' ./.
The/at phrase/nn ``/`` consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' needs/vbz a/at hard/jj look/nn ./.
How/wrb do/do we/ppss define/vb it/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Is/bez the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn a/at numerical/jj majority/nn ?/. ?/.
Calhoun/np dealt/vbd with/in this/dt question/nn in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Disquisition/nn-tl On/in-tl Government/nn-tl ''/'' ./.


	To/to guard/vb against/in the/at tyranny/nn of/in a/at numerical/jj majority/nn ,/, Calhoun/np developed/vbd his/pp$ theory/nn of/in ``/`` concurrent/jj majority/nn ''/'' ,/, which/wdt ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` by/in giving/vbg to/in each/dt portion/nn of/in the/at community/nn which/wdt may/md be/be unequally/rb affected/vbn by/in the/at action/nn of/in government/nn ,/, a/at negative/nn on/in the/at others/nns ,/, prevents/vbz all/abn partial/jj or/cc local/jj legislation/nn ''/'' ./.
Who/wps will/md say/vb that/cs our/pp$ country/nn is/bez even/ql now/rb a/at homogeneous/jj community/nn ?/. ?/.
That/cs regional/jj peculiarities/nns do/do not/* still/rb exist/vb ?/. ?/.
That/cs the/at Court/nn-tl order/nn does/doz not/* unequally/rb affect/vb the/at Southern/jj-tl region/nn ?/. ?/.
Who/wps will/md deny/vb that/cs in/in a/at vast/jj portion/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl the/at Federal/jj-tl action/nn is/bez incompatible/jj with/in the/at Jeffersonian/jj concept/nn of/in ``/`` the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/.


	Circumstances/nns alter/vb cases/nns ./.
A/at friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ in/in New/jj-tl Mexico/np-tl said/vbd the/at Court/nn-tl order/nn had/hvd caused/vbn no/at particular/jj trouble/nn out/in there/rb ,/, that/cs all/abn had/hvd gone/vbn as/ql merry/jj as/cs a/at marriage/nn bell/nn ./.
He/pps seemed/vbd a/at little/ql surprised/vbn that/cs it/pps should/md have/hv caused/vbn any/dti particular/jj trouble/nn anywhere/rb ./.
I/ppss murmured/vbd something/pn about/in a/at possible/jj difference/nn between/in New/jj-tl Mexico's/np$-tl history/nn and/cc Mississippi's/np$ ./.


	One/pn can/md meet/vb with/in aloofness/nn almost/rb anywhere/rb :/: the/at THIDIU/np viewpoint/nn ,/, It/pps-tl Doesn't/doz*-tl Affect/vb Us/ppo-tl !/. !/.
Southern/jj-tl Liberals/nns-tl (/( there/ex are/ber a/at good/jj many/ap )/) --/-- especially/rb if/cs they're/ppss+ber rich/jj --/-- often/rb exhibit/vb blithe/jj insouciance/nn ./.
The/at trouble/nn here/rb is/bez that/cs it's/pps+bez almost/rb too/ql easy/jj to/to take/vb the/at high/jj moral/jj ground/nn when/wrb it/pps doesn't/doz* cost/vb you/ppo anything/pn ./.
You've/ppss+hv already/rb sent/vbn your/pp$ daughter/nn to/in Miss/np X's/np$ select/jj academy/nn for/in girls/nns and/cc your/pp$ son/nn to/in Mr./np Y's/np$ select/jj academy/nn for/in boys/nns ,/, and/cc you/ppss can/md be/be as/ql liberal/jj as/cs you/ppss please/vb with/in strict/jj impunity/nn ./.
If/cs there's/ex+bez no/at suitable/jj academy/nn in/in your/pp$ own/jj neighborhood/nn ,/, there's/ex+bez always/rb New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./.
New/jj-tl England/np-tl academies/nns welcome/vb fugitives/nns from/in the/at provinces/nns ,/, South/nr-tl as/ql well/rb as/cs West/nr-tl ./.
They/ppss may/md even/rb enroll/vb a/at colored/vbn student/nn or/cc two/cd for/in show/nn ,/, though/cs he/pps usually/rb turns/vbz out/rp to/to be/be from/in Thailand/np ,/, or/cc any/dti place/nn other/ap than/cs the/at American/jj-tl South/nr-tl ./.
It/pps would/md be/be interesting/jj to/to know/vb how/wql much/ap ``/`` integration/nn ''/'' there/ex is/bez in/in the/at famous/jj ,/, fashionable/jj colleges/nns and/cc prep/nn schools/nns of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./.
A/at recent/jj newspaper/nn report/nn said/vbd there/ex were/bed five/cd Negroes/nps in/in the/at 1960/cd graduating/vbg class/nn of/in nearly/rb one/cd thousand/cd at/in Yale/np ;/. ;/.
that/dt is/bez ,/, about/rb one-half/nn of/in one/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, which/wdt looks/vbz pretty/ql ``/`` tokenish/jj ''/'' to/in me/ppo ,/, especially/rb in/in an/at institution/nn which/wdt professes/vbz to/to be/be ``/`` national/jj ''/'' ./.


	I/ppss must/md confess/vb that/cs I/ppss prefer/vb the/at Liberal/nn-tl who/wps is/bez personally/rb affected/vbn ,/, who/wps is/bez willing/jj to/to send/vb his/pp$ own/jj children/nns to/in a/at mixed/vbn school/nn as/cs proof/nn of/in his/pp$ faith/nn ./.
I/ppss leave/vb out/in of/in account/nn the/at question/nn of/in the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in the/at children/nns ,/, the/at question/nn of/in what/wdt their/pp$ best/jjt interests/nns really/rb are/ber ./.
I'm/ppss+bem talking/vbg about/in the/at grand/jj manner/nn of/in the/at Liberal/nn-tl --/-- North/nr-tl and/cc South/nr-tl --/-- who/wps is/bez not/* affected/vbn personally/rb ./.
If/cs these/dts people/nns were/bed denied/vbn a/at voice/nn (/( do/do they/ppss have/hv a/at moral/jj right/nn to/in a/at voice/nn ?/. ?/.
)/) ,/, what/wdt voices/nns would/md be/be left/vbn ?/. ?/.
Who/wps is/bez involved/vbn willy/rb nilly/rb ?/. ?/.
Well/uh ,/, after/cs everybody/pn has/hvz followed/vbn the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl pattern/nn of/in segregating/vbg one's/pn$ children/nns into/in private/jj schools/nns ,/, only/rb the/at poor/jj folks/nns are/ber left/vbn ./.
And/cc it/pps is/bez precisely/rb in/in this/dt poorer/jjr economic/jj class/nn that/cs one/pn finds/vbz ,/, and/cc has/hvz always/rb found/vbn ,/, the/at most/ql racial/jj friction/nn ./.




A/at dear/jj ,/, respected/vbn friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ,/, who/wps like/cs myself/ppl grew/vbd up/rp in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc has/hvz spent/vbn many/ap years/nns in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, said/vbd to/in me/ppo not/* long/rb ago/rb :/: ``/`` I/ppss can't/md* forgive/vb New/jj-tl England/np-tl for/in rejecting/vbg all/abn complicity/nn ''/'' ./.
Being/beg a/at teacher/nn of/in American/jj literature/nn ,/, I/ppss remembered/vbd Whittier's/np$ ``/`` Massachusetts/np-tl To/in-tl Virginia/np-tl ''/'' ,/, where/wrb he/pps said/vbd :/: ``/`` But/cc that/dt one/cd dark/jj loathsome/jj burden/nn ye/ppss must/md stagger/vb with/in alone/rb ,/, And/cc reap/vb the/at bitter/jj harvest/nn which/wdt ye/ppss yourselves/ppls have/hv sown/vbn ''/'' ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at legend/nn (/( Hawthorne/np records/vbz it/ppo in/in his/pp$ ``/`` English/jj-tl Notebooks/nns-tl ''/'' ./.
And/cc one/cd finds/vbz it/ppo again/rb in/in Thomas/np Nelson/np Page/np )/) to/in the/at effect/nn that/cs the/at Mayflower/np on/in its/pp$ second/od voyage/nn brought/vbd a/at cargo/nn of/in Negro/np slaves/nns ./.
Whether/cs historically/rb a/at fact/nn or/cc not/* ,/, the/at legend/nn has/hvz a/at certain/jj symbolic/jj value/nn ./.


	Complicity/nn is/bez an/at embarrassing/vbg word/nn ./.
It/pps is/bez something/pn which/wdt most/ap of/in us/ppo try/vb to/to get/vb out/rp from/in under/in ./.
Like/cs the/at cowboy/nn in/in Stephen/np Crane's/np$ ``/`` Blue/jj-tl Hotel/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, we/ppss run/vb around/rb crying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, I/ppss didn't/dod* do/do anything/pn ,/, did/dod I/ppss ''/'' ?/. ?/.
Robert/np Penn/np Warren/np puts/vbz it/ppo this/dt way/nn in/in ``/`` Brother/nn-tl To/in-tl Dragons/nns-tl ''/'' :/: ``/`` The/at recognition/nn of/in complicity/nn is/bez the/at beginning/nn of/in innocence/nn ''/'' ,/, where/wrb innocence/nn ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, means/vbz about/rb the/at same/ap thing/nn as/cs redemption/nn ./.
A/at man/nn must/md be/be able/jj to/to say/vb ,/, ``/`` Father/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss have/hv sinned/vbn ''/'' ,/, or/cc there/ex is/bez no/at hope/nn for/in him/ppo ./.
Lincoln/np understood/vbd this/dt better/rbr than/cs most/ap when/wrb he/pps said/vbd in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Second/od-tl Inaugural/nn-tl ''/'' that/cs God/np ``/`` gives/vbz to/in both/abx North/nr-tl and/cc South/nr-tl this/dt terrible/jj war/nn ,/, as/cs the/at woe/nn due/jj to/in those/dts by/in whom/wpo the/at offense/nn came/vbd ''/'' ./.
He/pps also/rb spoke/vbd of/in ``/`` the/at wealth/nn piled/vbn by/in the/at bondsman's/nn$ two/cd hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd years/nns in/in unrequited/jj toil/nn ''/'' ./.
Lincoln/np was/bedz historian/nn and/cc economist/nn enough/ap to/to know/vb that/cs a/at substantial/jj portion/nn of/in this/dt wealth/nn had/hvd accumulated/vbn in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at descendants/nns of/in New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl engaged/vbn in/in the/at slave/nn trade/nn ./.
After/in how/wql many/ap generations/nns is/bez such/jj wealth/nn (/( mounting/vbg all/abn the/at while/nn through/in the/at manipulations/nns of/in high/jj finance/nn )/) purified/vbn of/in taint/nn ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez a/at question/nn which/wdt New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl long/rb ago/rb put/vbd out/in of/in their/pp$ minds/nns ./.
But/cc didn't/dod* they/ppss get/vb off/rp too/ql easy/rb ?/. ?/.
The/at slaves/nns never/rb shared/vbd in/in their/pp$ profits/nns ,/, while/cs they/ppss did/dod share/vb ,/, in/in a/at very/ql real/jj sense/nn ,/, in/in the/at profits/nns of/in the/at slave-owners/nns :/: they/ppss were/bed fed/vbn ,/, clothed/vbn ,/, doctored/vbn ,/, and/cc so/rb forth/rb ;/. ;/.
they/ppss were/bed the/at beneficiaries/nns of/in responsible/jj ,/, paternalistic/jj care/nn ./.


	Emerson/np --/-- Platonist/np ,/, idealist/nn ,/, doctrinaire/nn --/-- sounded/vbd a/at high/jj Transcendental/jj-tl note/nn in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Boston/np-tl Hymn/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, delivered/vbn in/in 1863/cd in/in the/at Boston/np-tl Music/nn-tl Hall/nn-tl amidst/in thundering/vbg applause/nn :/: ``/`` Pay/vb ransom/nn to/in the/at owner/nn and/cc fill/vb the/at bag/nn to/in the/at brim/nn ./.
Who/wps is/bez the/at owner/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at slave/nn is/bez owner/nn ,/, And/cc ever/rb was/bedz ./.
Pay/vb him/ppo ''/'' !/. !/.
It/pps is/bez the/at abstractionism/nn ,/, the/at unrealism/nn ,/, of/in the/at pure/jj idealist/nn ./.
It/pps ignores/vbz the/at sordid/jj financial/jj aspects/nns (/( quite/ql conveniently/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, for/in his/pp$ audience/nn ,/, who/wps could/md indulge/vb in/in moral/jj indignation/nn without/in visible/jj ,/, or/cc even/ql conscious/jj ,/, discomfort/nn ,/, their/pp$ money/nn from/in the/at transaction/nn having/hvg been/ben put/vbn away/rb long/rb ago/rb in/in a/at good/jj antiseptic/jj brokerage/nn )/) ./.
Like/cs Pilate/np ,/, they/ppss had/hvd washed/vbn their/pp$ hands/nns ./.
But/cc can/md one/pn ,/, really/rb ?/. ?/.
Can/md God/np be/be mocked/vbn ,/, ever/rb ,/, in/in the/at long/jj run/nn ?/. ?/.


	New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl were/bed a/at bit/nn sensitive/jj on/in the/at subject/nn of/in their/pp$ complicity/nn in/in Negro/np slavery/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at drafting/nn of/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, as/cs Jefferson/np explained/vbd in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Autobiography/nn-tl ''/'' :/: ``/`` 

	The/at clause/nn reprobating/vbg the/at enslaving/nn the/at inhabitants/nns of/in Africa/np was/bedz struck/vbn out/rp in/in complaisance/nn to/in South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl and/cc Georgia/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd never/rb attempted/vbn to/to restrain/vb the/at importation/nn of/in slaves/nns ,/, and/cc who/wps on/in the/at contrary/jj still/rb wished/vbd to/to continue/vb it/ppo ./.
Our/pp$ Northern/jj-tl brethren/nns also/rb I/ppss believe/vb felt/vbd a/at little/ql tender/jj under/in those/dts censures/nns ;/. ;/.
for/cs though/cs their/pp$ people/nns had/hvd very/ql few/ap slaves/nns themselves/ppls ,/, yet/cc they/ppss had/hvd been/ben pretty/ql considerable/jj carriers/nns of/in them/ppo to/in others/nns ''/'' ./.


	But/cc that/dt was/bedz a/at long/jj time/nn ago/rb ./.
The/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl conscience/nn became/vbd desensitized/vbn ./.
George/np W./np Cable/np (/( naturalized/vbn New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl )/) ,/, writing/vbg in/in 1889/cd from/in ``/`` Paradise/nn-tl Road/nn-tl ,/, Northampton/np ''/'' (/( lovely/jj symbolic/jj name/nn )/) ,/, agitated/vbn continuously/rb the/at ``/`` Southern/jj-tl question/nn ''/'' ./.
It/pps was/bedz nice/jj to/to be/be able/jj to/to isolate/vb it/ppo ./.




New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, as/cs everyone/pn knows/vbz ,/, has/hvz long/rb been/ben schoolmaster/nn to/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./.
There/rb one/pn finds/vbz concentrated/vbn in/in a/at comparatively/ql small/jj area/nn the/at chief/jjs universities/nns ,/, colleges/nns ,/, and/cc preparatory/jj schools/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./.
Why/wrb should/md this/dt be/be so/rb ?/. ?/.
It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, more/ap than/cs any/dti other/ap section/nn ,/, was/bedz dedicated/vbn to/in education/nn from/in the/at start/nn ./.
But/cc I/ppss think/vb that/cs something/pn more/ap than/cs this/dt is/bez involved/vbn ./.


	How/wrb did/dod it/ppo happen/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, that/cs the/at state/nn university/nn ,/, that/dt great/jj symbol/nn of/in American/jj democracy/nn ,/, failed/vbd to/to flourish/vb in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl as/cs it/pps did/dod in/in other/ap parts/nns of/in the/at country/nn ?/. ?/.
Isn't/bez* it/pps a/at bit/nn odd/jj that/cs the/at three/cd states/nns of/in Southern/jj-tl New/jj-tl England/np-tl (/( Massachusetts/np ,/, Connecticut/np ,/, and/cc Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl )/) have/hv had/hvn state/nn institutions/nns of/in university/nn status/nn only/rb in/in the/at very/ql recent/jj past/nn ,/, these/dts institutions/nns having/hvg previously/rb been/ben A/nn &/cc M/nn colleges/nns ?/. ?/.
Was/bedz it/pps supposed/vbd ,/, perchance/rb ,/, that/cs A/nn &/cc M/nn (/( vocational/jj training/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez )/) was/bedz quite/ql sufficient/jj for/in the/at immigrant/nn class/nn which/wdt flooded/vbd that/dt part/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl world/nn in/in the/at post-Civil/jj War/nn-tl period/nn ,/, the/at immigrants/nns having/hvg been/ben brought/vbn in/rp from/in Southern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, to/to work/vb in/in the/at mills/nns ,/, to/to make/vb up/rp for/in the/at labor/nn shortage/nn caused/vbn by/in migration/nn to/in the/at West/nr-tl ?/. ?/.
Is/bez it/pps not/* ironical/jj that/cs Roger/np Williams's/np$ state/nn ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, should/md have/hv been/ben the/at very/ql last/ap of/in the/at forty-eight/cd to/to establish/vb a/at state/nn university/nn ?/. ?/.
The/at state/nn universities/nns of/in Maine/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, And/cc-tl Vermont/np are/ber older/jjr and/cc more/ql ``/`` respectable/jj ''/'' ;/. ;/.
they/ppss had/hvd less/ap immigration/nn to/to contend/vb with/in ./.


	A/at Yale/np historian/nn ,/, writing/vbg a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb in/in The/at Yale/np-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, said/vbd :/: ``/`` We/ppss in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl have/hv long/ql since/rb segregated/vbn our/pp$ children/nns ''/'' ./.
He/pps was/bedz referring/vbg not/* only/rb to/in the/at general/jj college/nn situation/nn but/cc more/ql especially/rb to/in the/at preparatory/jj schools/nns ./.
And/cc what/wdt a/at galaxy/nn of/in those/dts adorns/vbz that/dt fair/jj land/nn !/. !/.
I/ppss don't/do* propose/vb to/to go/vb into/in their/pp$ history/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss have/hv one/cd or/cc two/cd surmises/nns ./.
One/cd is/bez that/cs they/ppss were/bed established/vbn ,/, or/cc gained/vbd eminence/nn ,/, under/in pressure/nn provided/vbn by/in these/dts same/ap immigrants/nns ,/, from/in whom/wpo the/at old/jj families/nns wished/vbd to/to segregate/vb their/pp$ children/nns ./.
In/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in a/at homogeneous/jj population/nn ,/, the/at public/jj school/nn was/bedz quite/ql satisfactory/jj ./.