ch13

Mr./np-hl Dooley/np-hl ./.-hl

Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, for/in several/ap years/nns now/rb the/at commuter/nn railroads/nns serving/vbg our/pp$ large/jj metropolitan/jj areas/nns have/hv found/vbn it/ppo increasingly/rb difficult/jj to/to render/vb the/at kind/nn of/in service/nn our/pp$ expanding/vbg population/nn wants/vbz and/cc is/bez entitled/vbn to/to have/hv ./.
The/at causes/nns of/in the/at decline/nn of/in the/at commuter/nn railroads/nns are/ber many/ap and/cc complex/jj --/-- high/jj taxes/nns ,/, losses/nns of/in revenue/nn to/in Government/nn-tl subsidized/vbd highway/nn and/cc air/nn carriers/nns ,/, to/to name/vb but/rb two/cd ./.
And/cc the/at solutions/nns to/in the/at problems/nns of/in the/at commuter/nn lines/nns have/hv been/ben equally/rb varied/vbn ,/, ranging/vbg all/abn the/at way/nn from/in Government/nn-tl ownership/nn to/in complete/jj discontinuance/nn of/in this/dt important/jj service/nn ./.


	There/ex have/hv been/ben a/at number/nn of/in sound/jj plans/nns proposed/vbn ./.
But/cc none/pn of/in these/dts has/hvz been/ben implemented/vbn ./.
Instead/rb we/ppss have/hv stood/vbn idly/rb by/rb ,/, watched/vbn our/pp$ commuter/nn railroad/nn service/nn decline/vb ,/, and/cc have/hv failed/vbn to/to offer/vb a/at helping/vbg hand/nn ./.
Though/cs the/at number/nn of/in people/nns flowing/vbg in/rp and/cc out/rp of/in our/pp$ metropolitan/jj areas/nns each/dt day/nn has/hvz increased/vbn tremendously/rb since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, total/nn annual/jj rail/nn commutation/nn dropped/vbd 124/cd million/cd for/in 1947/cd to/in 1957/cd ./.
Nowhere/rb has/hvz this/dt decline/nn been/ben more/ql painfully/rb evident/jj than/cs in/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl area/nn ./.
Here/rb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl Railroad/nn-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at Nation's/nn$-tl most/ql important/jj carriers/nns ,/, has/hvz alone/rb lost/vbn 47.6/cd percent/nn of/in its/pp$ passengers/nns since/in 1949/cd ./.


	At/in this/dt time/nn of/in crisis/nn in/in our/pp$ Nation's/nn$-tl commuter/nn railroads/nns ,/, a/at new/jj threat/nn to/in the/at continued/vbn operations/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl has/hvz appeared/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in the/at Chesapeake/np-tl &/cc-tl Ohio/np-tl Railroad's/nn$-tl proposal/nn for/in control/nn of/in the/at Baltimore/np-tl &/cc-tl Ohio/np-tl railroads/nns ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl has/hvz pointed/vbn out/rp that/cs this/dt control/nn ,/, if/cs approved/vbn by/in the/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ,/, would/md give/vb the/at combined/vbn C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl Railroad/nn-tl a/at total/nn of/in 185/cd points/nns served/vbn in/in common/nn with/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl ./.
Not/* only/rb is/bez this/dt kind/nn of/in duplication/nn wasteful/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps gives/vbz the/at combined/vbn system/nn the/at ability/nn to/to take/vb freight/nn traffic/nn away/rb from/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl and/cc other/ap railroads/nns serving/vbg the/at area/nn ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl notes/vbz :/: ``/`` 

	The/at freight/nn traffic/nn most/ql susceptible/jj to/in raiding/vbg by/in the/at C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl provides/vbz the/at backbone/nn of/in Central's/nn$-tl revenues/nns ./.
These/dts revenues/nns make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to provide/vb essential/jj freight/nn and/cc passenger/nn service/nn over/in the/at entire/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl system/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl area/nn commuter/nn and/cc terminal/nn freight/nn services/nns ./.
If/cs these/dts services/nns are/ber to/to be/be maintained/vbn ,/, the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl must/md have/hv the/at revenues/nns to/to make/vb them/ppo possible/jj ''/'' ./.


	The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl today/nr handles/vbz 60/cd percent/nn of/in all/abn southbound/jj commuter/nn traffic/nn coming/vbg into/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./.
This/dt is/bez a/at $14/nns million/cd operation/nn involving/vbg 3,500/cd employees/nns who/wps work/vb on/in commuter/nn traffic/nn exclusively/rb ./.
A/at blow/nn to/in this/dt phase/nn of/in the/at Central's/nn$-tl operations/nns would/md have/hv serious/jj economic/jj consequences/nns not/* only/rb to/in the/at railroad/nn itself/ppl ,/, but/cc to/in the/at 40,000/cd people/nns per/in day/nn who/wps are/ber provided/vbn with/in efficient/jj ,/, reasonably/rb priced/vbn transportation/nn in/rp and/cc out/rp of/in the/at city/nn ./.
``/`` 

	There/ex is/bez a/at workable/jj alternative/nn to/in this/dt potentially/rb dangerous/jj and/cc harmful/jj C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl merger/nn scheme/nn ''/'' --/-- 

	The/at Central/jj-tl has/hvz pointed/vbn out/rp ./.
``/`` 

	The/at logic/nn of/in creating/vbg a/at strong/jj ,/, balanced/vbn ,/, competitive/jj two-system/jj railroad/nn service/nn in/in the/at East/nr-tl is/bez so/ql obvious/jj that/cs B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl was/bedz publicly/rb committed/vbn to/in the/at approach/nn outlined/vbn here/rb ./.


	Detailed/vbn studies/nns of/in the/at plan/nn were/bed well/rb underway/rb ./.
Though/cs far/rb from/in completion/nn ,/, these/dts studies/nns indicated/vbd beyond/in a/at doubt/nn that/cs savings/nns would/md result/vb which/wdt would/md be/be of/in unprecedented/jj benefit/nn to/in the/at railroads/nns concerned/vbn ,/, their/pp$ investors/nns ,/, their/pp$ customers/nns ,/, their/pp$ users/nns ,/, and/cc to/in the/at public/nn at/in large/jj ./.


	Then/rb ,/, abandoning/vbg the/at studies/nns in/in the/at face/nn of/in their/pp$ promising/jj outlook/nn for/in all/abn concerned/vbn ,/, B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl entered/vbd on-again-off-again/jj negotiations/nns with/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np which/wdt resulted/vbd in/in the/at present/jj situation/nn ./.


	In/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at facts/nns at/in hand/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl intends/vbz to/to pursue/vb the/at objective/nn of/in helping/vbg to/to create/vb a/at healthy/jj two-system/jj eastern/jj railroad/nn structure/nn in/in the/at public/nn interest/nn ''/'' ./.


	The/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl will/md commence/vb its/pp$ deliberations/nns on/in the/at proposed/vbn C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in-tl B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl merger/nn on/in June/np 18/cd ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, the/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl will/md not/* force/vb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl to/to further/rbr curtail/vb its/pp$ commuter/nn operations/nns by/in giving/vbg undue/jj competitive/jj advantages/nns to/in the/at lines/nns that/wps wish/vb to/to merge/vb ./.


	However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at more/ql profound/jj consideration/nn to/in this/dt proposed/vbn merger/nn than/cs profit/nn and/cc loss/nn ./.
That/dt is/bez ,/, will/md it/pps serve/vb the/at long-range/nn public/jj interest/nn ?/. ?/.


	For/in the/at past/ap 40/cd years/nns Congress/np has/hvz advocated/vbn a/at carefully/rb planned/vbn ,/, balanced/vbn and/cc competitive/jj railway/nn system/nn ./.
We/ppss must/md ask/vb ourselves/ppls which/wdt of/in the/at two/cd alternatives/nns will/md help/vb the/at commuter/nn --/-- the/at two-way/jj B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl -/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np merger/nn ,/, or/cc the/at three-way/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl -/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np merger/nn ./.
Which/wdt will/md serve/vb not/* only/rb the/at best/jjt interest/nn of/in the/at stockholders/nns ,/, but/cc the/at interests/nns of/in all/abn the/at traveling/vbg public/nn ?/. ?/.
Mr./np-hl Lindsay/np-hl ./.-hl

Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss rise/vb today/nr to/to pay/vb tribute/nn to/in a/at great/jj newspaper/nn ,/, the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ,/, on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in a/at major/jj change/nn in/in its/pp$ top/nn executive/nn command/nn ./.


	Arthur/np Hays/np Sulzberger/np has/hvz been/ben a/at distinguished/vbn publisher/nn of/in this/dt distinguished/vbn newspaper/nn and/cc it/pps is/bez fitting/vbg that/cs we/ppss take/vb due/jj notice/nn of/in his/pp$ major/jj contribution/nn to/in American/jj journalism/nn on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in his/pp$ retirement/nn ./.
I/ppss am/bem pleased/vbn to/to note/vb that/cs Mr./np Sulzberger/np will/md continue/vb to/to serve/vb as/cs chairman/nn of/in the/at board/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ./.


	Mr./np Sulzberger's/np$ successor/nn as/cs publisher/nn is/bez Mr./np Orvil/np E./np Dryfoos/np ,/, who/wps is/bez president/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, and/cc who/wps has/hvz been/ben with/in the/at Times/nns-tl since/in 1942/cd ./.
Mr./np Dryfoos'/np$ outstanding/jj career/nn as/cs a/at journalist/nn guarantees/vbz that/cs the/at high/jj standards/nns which/wdt have/hv made/vbn the/at Times/nns-tl one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ great/jj newspapers/nns will/md be/be maintained/vbn ./.


	I/ppss am/bem also/rb pleased/vbn to/to note/vb that/cs Mr./np John/np B./np Oakes/np ,/, a/at member/nn of/in the/at Times/nns-tl staff/nn since/in 1946/cd ,/, has/hvz been/ben appointed/vbn as/cs editorial/nn page/nn editor/nn ./.
Mr./np Oakes/np succeeds/vbz Charles/np Merz/np ,/, editor/nn since/in 1938/cd ,/, who/wps now/rb becomes/vbz editor/nn emeritus/jj ./.


	I/ppss should/md like/vb at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, to/to pay/vb warm/jj tribute/nn to/in Arthur/np Hays/np Sulzberger/np and/cc Charles/np Merz/np on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in their/pp$ retirement/nn from/in distinguished/vbn careers/nns in/in American/jj journalism/nn ./.


	My/pp$ heartiest/jjt congratulations/nns go/vb to/in their/pp$ successors/nns ,/, Orvil/np E./np Dryfoos/np and/cc John/np B./np Oakes/np ,/, who/wps can/md be/be counted/vbn upon/rb to/to sustain/vb the/at illustrious/jj tradition/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ./.


	The/at people/nns of/in the/at 17th/od-tl District/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, and/cc I/ppss as/cs their/pp$ Representative/nn-tl in/in Congress/np ,/, take/vb great/jj pride/nn in/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl as/cs one/cd of/in the/at great/jj and/cc authoritative/jj newspapers/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./.
Mr./np-hl Stratton/np-hl ./.-hl

Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, in/in my/pp$ latest/jjt newsletter/nn to/in my/pp$ constituents/nns I/ppss urged/vbd the/at imposition/nn of/in a/at naval/jj blockade/nn of/in Cuba/np as/cs the/at only/ap effective/jj method/nn of/in preventing/vbg continued/vbn Soviet/np armaments/nns from/in coming/vbg into/in the/at Western/jj-tl Hemisphere/nn-tl in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ./.
Yesterday/nr ,/, I/ppss had/hvd the/at privilege/nn of/in reading/vbg a/at thoughtful/jj article/nn in/in the/at U.S./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl of/in May/np 8/cd which/wdt discussed/vbd this/dt type/nn of/in action/nn in/in more/ap detail/nn ,/, including/in both/abx its/pp$ advantages/nns and/cc its/pp$ disadvantages/nns ./.


	Under/in leave/nn to/to extend/vb my/pp$ remarks/nns ,/, I/ppss include/vb the/at relevant/jj portion/nn of/in my/pp$ newsletter/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at text/nn of/in the/at article/nn from/in the/at U.S./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl :/: ``/`` your/pp$-hl Congressman/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl Samuel/np-hl S./np-hl Stratton/np-hl ,/,-hl reports/vbz-hl from/in-hl Washington/np-hl ,/,-hl May/np-hl 1/cd-hl ,/,-hl 1961/cd-hl 
./.-hl
Cuban/np S.S.R./np :/: Whatever/wdt may/md have/hv been/ben the/at setbacks/nns resulting/vbg from/in the/at unsuccessful/jj attempt/nn of/in the/at Cuban/np rebels/nns to/to establish/vb a/at beachhead/nn on/in the/at Castro-held/jj mainland/nn last/ap week/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz at/in least/ap one/cd positive/jj benefit/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at clear-cut/jj revelation/nn to/in the/at whole/jj world/nn of/in the/at complete/jj conversion/nn of/in Cuba/np into/in a/at Russian-dominated/jj military/jj base/nn ./.


	In/in fact/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at major/jj reasons/nns for/in the/at failure/nn of/in the/at ill-starred/jj expedition/nn appears/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben a/at lack/nn of/in full/jj information/nn on/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt Cuba/np has/hvz been/ben getting/vbg this/dt Russian/jj military/jj equipment/nn ./.
Somehow/rb ,/, the/at pictures/nns and/cc stories/nns of/in Soviet/np T-34/nn tanks/nns on/in Cuban/jj beaches/nns and/cc Russian/jj Mig/np jet/nn fighters/nns strafing/vbg rebel/nn troops/nns has/hvz brought/vbn home/nr to/in all/abn of/in us/ppo the/at stark/jj ,/, blunt/jj truth/nn of/in what/wdt it/pps means/vbz to/to have/hv a/at Russian/jj military/jj base/nn 90/cd miles/nns away/rb from/in home/nn ./.
Russian/jj tanks/nns and/cc planes/nns in/in Cuba/np jeopardize/vb the/at security/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, violate/vb the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, and/cc threaten/vb the/at security/nn of/in every/at other/ap Latin/jj American/jj republic/nn ./.


	Once/cs the/at full/jj extent/nn of/in this/dt Russian/jj military/jj penetration/nn of/in Cuba/np was/bedz clear/jj ,/, President/nn-tl Kennedy/np announced/vbd we/ppss would/md take/vb whatever/wdt action/nn was/bedz appropriate/jj to/to prevent/vb this/dt ,/, even/rb if/cs we/ppss had/hvd to/to go/vb it/ppo alone/rb ./.
But/cc the/at Latin/jj American/jj republics/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben rather/ql inclined/vbn to/to drag/vb their/pp$ feet/nns on/in taking/vbg action/nn against/in Castro/np also/rb reacted/vbd swiftly/rb last/ap week/nn by/in finally/rb throwing/vbg Cuba/np off/in the/at Inter-American/jj Defense/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ./.
For/in years/nns the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl had/hvd been/ben trying/vbg to/to get/vb these/dts countries/nns to/to exclude/vb Castro's/np$ representative/nn from/in secret/jj military/jj talks/nns ./.
But/cc it/pps took/vbd the/at pictures/nns of/in the/at Migs/nps and/cc the/at T-34/nn tanks/nns to/to do/do the/at job/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez a/at new/jj atmosphere/nn of/in urgency/nn in/in Washington/np this/dt week/nn ./.
You/ppss can/md see/vb it/ppo ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, in/in the/at extensive/jj efforts/nns President/nn-tl Kennedy/np has/hvz made/vbn to/to enlist/vb solid/jj bipartisan/jj support/nn for/in his/pp$ actions/nns toward/in both/abx Cuba/np and/cc Laos/np ;/. ;/.
efforts/nns ,/, as/cs I/ppss see/vb it/ppo ,/, which/wdt are/ber being/beg directed/vbn ,/, by/in the/at way/nn ,/, toward/in support/nn for/in future/jj actions/nns ,/, not/* for/in those/dts already/rb past/ap ./.


	What/wdt the/at next/ap move/nn will/md be/be only/rb time/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, will/md tell/vb ./.
Personally/rb ,/, I/ppss think/vb we/ppss ought/md to/to set/vb up/rp an/at immediate/jj naval/jj blockade/nn of/in Cuba/np ./.
We/ppss simply/rb can't/md* tolerate/vb further/ap Russian/jj weapons/nns ,/, including/in the/at possibility/nn of/in long-range/nn nuclear/jj missiles/nns ,/, being/beg located/vbn in/in Cuba/np ./.
Obviously/rb ,/, we/ppss can't/md* stop/vb them/ppo from/in coming/vbg in/rp ,/, however/rb ,/, just/rb by/in talk/nn ./.
A/at naval/jj blockade/nn would/md be/be thoroughly/rb in/in line/nn with/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, would/md be/be a/at relatively/ql simple/jj operation/nn to/to carry/vb out/rp ,/, and/cc would/md bring/vb an/at abrupt/jj end/nn to/in Soviet/np penetration/nn of/in our/pp$ hemisphere/nn ''/'' ./.
``/`` 


(/( from/in U.s./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl ,/, May/np 8/cd ,/, 1961/cd )/) 
next/ap-hl for/in-hl Cuba/np-hl :/:-hl an/at-hl arms/nns-hl blockade/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Look/vb at/in Castro/np now/rb --/-- cockier/jjr than/cs ever/rb with/in arms/nns and/cc agents/nns to/to threaten/vb the/at Americas/nps ./.


	How/wrb can/md the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl act/vb ?/. ?/.


	Blockade/nn is/bez one/cd answer/nn offered/vbn by/in experts/nns ./.
In/in it/ppo they/ppss see/vb a/at way/nn to/to isolate/vb Cuba/np ,/, stop/vb infiltration/nn ,/, maybe/rb finish/vb Castro/np ,/, too/rb ./.


	This/dt is/bez the/at question/nn now/rb facing/vbg President/nn-tl Kennedy/np :/: How/wrb to/to put/vb a/at stop/nn to/in the/at Soviet/np buildup/nn in/in Cuba/np and/cc to/in Communist/jj infiltration/nn of/in this/dt hemisphere/nn ?/. ?/.


	On/in April/np 25/cd ,/, the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl reported/vbd that/cs a/at total/nn embargo/nn of/in remaining/vbg U.S./np trade/nn with/in Cuba/np was/bedz being/beg considered/vbn ./.
Its/pp$ aim/nn :/: To/to undermine/vb further/rbr Cuba's/np$ economy/nn ./.
Weaken/vb Castro/np ./.


	Another/dt strategy/nn --/-- bolder/jjr and/cc tougher/jjr --/-- was/bedz also/rb attracting/vbg notice/nn in/in Washington/np :/: a/at naval/jj and/cc air/nn blockade/nn to/to cut/vb Cuba/np off/rp from/in the/at world/nn ,/, destroy/vb Castro/np ./.


	Blockade/nn ,/, in/in the/at view/nn of/in military/jj and/cc civilian/jj experts/nns ,/, could/md restore/vb teeth/nns to/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ./.
It/pps could/md halt/vb a/at flood/nn of/in Communist/jj arms/nns and/cc strategic/jj supplies/nns now/rb reaching/vbg Castro/np ./.
It/pps could/md stop/vb Cuban/jj re-export/nn of/in guns/nns and/cc propaganda/nn materials/nns to/in South/jj-tl America/np-tl ./.
It/pps would/md be/be the/at most/ql severe/jj reprisal/nn ,/, short/rb of/in declared/vbn war/nn ,/, that/wpo the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl could/md invoke/vb against/in Castro/np ./.


	It/pps is/bez the/at strategy/nn of/in blockade/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/dt is/bez suddenly/rb at/in the/at center/nn of/in attention/nn of/in administration/nn officials/nns ,/, Members/nns-tl of/in-tl Congress/np-tl ,/, officers/nns in/in the/at Pentagon/nn-tl ./.
As/cs a/at possible/jj course/nn of/in action/nn ,/, it/pps also/rb is/bez the/at center/nn of/in debate/nn and/cc is/bez raising/vbg many/ap questions/nns ./.
Among/in these/dts questions/nns :/: what/wdt-hl would/md-hl a/at-hl Cuba/np-hl blockade/nn-hl take/vb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Military/jj experts/nns say/vb a/at tight/jj naval/jj blockade/nn off/in Cuban/jj ports/nns and/cc at/in the/at approaches/nns to/in Cuban/jj waters/nns would/md require/vb two/cd naval/jj task/nn forces/nns ,/, each/dt built/vbn around/in an/at aircraft/nn carrier/nn with/in a/at complement/nn of/in about/rb 100/cd planes/nns and/cc several/ap destroyers/nns ./.


	The/at Navy/nn-tl ,/, on/in April/np 25/cd ,/, announced/vbd it/pps is/bez bringing/vbg back/rb the/at carrier/nn Shangri-La/np from/in the/at Mediterranean/np ,/, increasing/vbg to/in four/cd the/at number/nn of/in attack/nn carriers/nns in/in the/at vicinity/nn of/in Cuba/np ./.
More/ap than/in 36/cd other/ap big/jj Navy/nn-tl ships/nns are/ber no/at less/ap than/in a/at day's/nn$ sailing/vbg time/nn away/rb ./.


	To/to round/vb out/rp the/at blockading/vbg force/nn ,/, submarines/nns would/md be/be needed/vbn --/-- to/to locate/vb ,/, identify/vb and/cc track/vb approaching/vbg vessels/nns ./.
Land-based/jj radar/nn would/md help/vb with/in this/dt task/nn ./.
So/rb would/md radar/nn picket/nn ships/nns ./.
A/at squadron/nn of/in Navy/nn-tl jets/nns and/cc another/dt of/in long-range/nn patrol/nn planes/nns would/md add/vb support/nn to/in the/at carrier/nn task/nn forces/nns ./.


	Three/cd requirements/nns go/vb with/in a/at blockade/nn :/: It/pps must/md be/be proclaimed/vbn ;/. ;/.
the/at blockading/vbg force/nn must/md be/be powerful/jj enough/qlp to/to enforce/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/.
and/cc it/pps must/md be/be enforced/vbn without/in discrimination/nn ./.


	Once/cs these/dts conditions/nns of/in international/jj law/nn are/ber met/vbn ,/, countries/nns that/wps try/vb to/to run/vb the/at blockade/nn do/do so/rb at/in their/pp$ own/jj risk/nn ./.
Blockade/nn runners/nns can/md be/be stopped/vbn --/-- by/in gunfire/nn ,/, if/cs necessary/jj --/-- searched/vbn and/cc held/vbn ,/, at/in least/ap temporarily/rb ./.
They/ppss could/md be/be sent/vbn to/in U.S./np ports/nns for/in rulings/nns whether/cs cargo/nn should/md be/be confiscated/vbn ./.
What/wdt-hl could/md-hl a/at-hl blockade/nn-hl accomplish/vb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl

Plenty/nn ,/, say/vb the/at experts/nns ./.
In/in a/at broad/jj sense/nn ,/, it/pps would/md reaffirm/vb the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl by/in opposing/vbg Communist/jj interference/nn in/in the/at Western/jj-tl Hemisphere/nn-tl ./.
It/pps could/md ,/, by/in avoiding/vbg direct/jj intervention/nn ,/, provide/vb a/at short-of-war/jj strategy/nn to/to meet/vb short-of-war/jj infiltration/nn ./.


	Primary/jj target/nn would/md be/be shipments/nns of/in tanks/nns ,/, guns/nns ,/, aviation/nn gasoline/nn and/cc ammunition/nn coming/vbg from/in Russia/np and/cc Czechoslovakia/np ./.
Shipments/nns of/in arms/nns from/in Western/jj-tl countries/nns could/md similarly/rb be/be seized/vbn as/cs contraband/nn ./.
In/in a/at total/nn blockade/nn ,/, action/nn could/md also/rb be/be taken/vbn against/in ships/nns bringing/vbg in/rp chemicals/nns ,/, oils/nns ,/, textiles/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb foodstuffs/nns ./.
At/in times/nns ,/, three/cd ships/nns a/at day/nn from/in the/at Soviet/np bloc/nn are/ber unloading/vbg in/in Cuban/jj ports/nns ./.